Fill in the Blanks
Introduction to Chemistry Final Test Review 2025-2026
energy
naturally
flows
from
warmer
to
cooler
matter
,
this
is
what
we
know
as
heat
or
heat
flow
.
has
mass
and
volume
(
takes
up
)
.
is
the
study
of
matter
and
the
changes
in
matter
.
A
balloon
filled
with
air
does
not
rise
as
high
as
a
balloon
filled
with
helium
gas
,
telling
me
that
helium
gas
is
dense
than
air
.
A
mixture
of
iron
and
sulfur
can
be
separated
by
a
.
A
special
form
of
homogeneous
mixture
that
is
composed
of
evenly
distributed
solute
particles
in
a
solvent
is
called
a
(
n
)
.
A
substance
is
a
single
kind
of
matter
that
has
a
specific
.
A
(
n
)
change
(
reaction
)
releases
energy
,
while
a
(
n
)
change
(
reaction
)
absorbs
energy
.
A
(
n
)
is
the
smallest
part
of
a
substance
.
A
(
n
)
is
the
smallest
unit
of
matter
that
has
the
properties
of
its
element
.
An
object
that
floats
on
water
has
a
density
than
1
-
g
/
mL
.
An
object
that
sinks
in
water
has
a
density
than
1
-
g
/
mL
.
An
object
?
s
weight
is
1
/
6
on
the
moon
as
it
is
on
earth
.
On
the
moon
,
the
object
?
s
mass
.
Another
term
for
the
ability
to
burn
is
at
temperatures
below
37
.
8
?
.
Both
a
pool
of
water
and
a
piece
of
ice
are
the
same
,
specifically
compound
,
so
they
have
the
same
.
Butter
melting
in
a
pan
is
a
change
where
energy
is
.
Characteristics
of
matter
are
called
.
Compounds
are
formed
as
a
result
of
during
chemical
reactions
in
a
set
ratio
.
Four
measurable
physical
properties
of
matter
are
,
,
,
and
.
Of
these
,
and
are
derived
measurements
and
must
be
calculated
.
Glass
breaking
,
ice
melting
,
and
the
dissolution
of
sugar
in
water
are
all
properties
.
H2SO4
and
H2SO3
the
same
substance
.
Iron
rusting
,
silver
tarnishing
,
fruit
ripening
,
and
combustion
are
all
properties
.
New
substances
are
produced
by
a
(
n
)
change
,
while
a
(
n
)
change
does
not
result
in
a
new
substance
.
One
liter
is
equal
to
milliliters
.
One
milliliter
is
equal
to
cubic
centimeters
.
Salad
dressing
is
an
example
of
a
mixture
.
Salt
water
is
an
example
of
a
mixture
.
Solid
,
liquid
,
gas
,
plasma
,
quantum
foam
are
the
five
(
states
)
of
matter
.
Substances
in
a
mixture
keep
their
own
properties
since
they
are
not
chemically
combined
.
The
of
an
object
is
a
measure
of
the
thermal
energy
(
motion
of
the
particles
)
of
a
substance
.
The
ability
of
iron
to
rust
is
a
(
n
)
property
.
The
amount
of
matter
in
an
object
is
a
measure
of
its
.
The
amount
of
space
an
object
takes
up
is
a
measure
of
its
.
The
chemical
for
tungsten
is
W
,
where
Au
stands
for
gold
.
The
chemical
for
water
is
H2O
and
for
hydrogen
peroxide
is
H2O2
.
The
energy
stored
in
bonds
between
atoms
is
energy
,
a
form
of
potential
energy
.
The
form
or
appearance
of
a
substance
is
altered
during
a
(
n
)
change
,
where
the
actual
chemical
composition
or
ratio
of
atoms
is
altered
during
a
(
n
)
change
.
The
Law
of
of
states
that
in
any
physical
or
chemical
change
,
matter
is
neither
created
or
destroyed
,
only
changed
from
one
form
to
another
.
The
mass
of
an
object
is
,
whereas
the
weight
of
the
same
object
depending
on
its
location
.
The
mass
per
unit
volume
of
an
object
is
a
measure
of
its
.
The
metal
tungsten
is
used
in
incandescent
light
bulbs
because
of
its
property
of
conductivity
.
The
physical
property
that
makes
metal
pots
good
for
cooking
is
thermal
.
The
ratio
of
each
type
of
atom
in
sulfuric
acid
,
H2SO4
,
is
hydrogen
to
sulfur
to
oxygen
.
The
SI
unit
for
density
is
per
cubic
,
but
the
common
unit
is
per
cubic
.
The
SI
unit
for
mass
is
,
but
the
common
unit
is
.
The
SI
unit
for
volume
is
cubic
meter
or
,
but
the
common
unit
is
cubic
centimeter
or
.
The
SI
unit
for
weight
is
.
The
simplest
type
of
substance
is
a
(
n
)
,
which
is
made
up
of
atoms
,
molecules
,
or
compounds
.
The
substances
in
a
mixture
are
evenly
distributed
and
you
cannot
see
the
parts
.
The
substances
in
a
mixture
can
usually
be
seen
and
are
easily
separated
.
When
the
atoms
in
elements
combine
to
form
compounds
,
their
change
.
The
amount
of
space
that
matter
fills
is
its
.
A
state
of
matter
with
a
definite
volume
,
but
no
definite
shape
is
a
(
n
)
.
A
(
n
)
will
always
take
the
shape
and
volume
of
its
container
.
The
is
a
measure
of
the
average
speed
of
the
particles
in
a
substance
.
A
(
n
)
has
a
definite
volume
and
a
definite
shape
.
The
of
a
gas
is
represented
by
the
formula
f
/
A
,
where
f
=
force
pushing
on
the
walls
of
a
container
and
A
=
area
of
the
walls
of
the
container
.
A
(
n
)
has
neither
a
definite
volume
nor
a
definite
shape
.
is
the
inward
force
among
the
molecules
of
a
liquid
.
A
(
n
)
solid
has
a
definite
melting
point
.
A
(
n
)
solid
has
a
melting
point
range
.
Both
gases
and
liquids
are
.
Freezing
occurs
when
the
particles
of
a
liquid
enough
energy
to
take
fixed
positions
.
The
temperature
at
which
a
liquid
turns
to
a
gas
is
its
.
The
process
that
makes
ice
cubes
shrink
as
they
sit
in
a
freezer
is
called
.
The
process
where
bromine
gas
touches
a
surface
and
becomes
crystals
is
called
.
Particles
of
a
have
the
greatest
thermal
energy
.
Glass
is
an
of
a
(
n
)
solid
.
Sublimation
and
both
happen
at
the
surface
of
a
substance
.
Vaporization
is
the
reverse
process
of
.
The
temperature
at
which
a
liquid
turns
to
a
solid
is
called
its
.
is
the
reverse
process
of
freezing
.
Water
particles
in
gas
coming
off
a
pan
of
boiling
water
are
moving
than
the
particles
of
water
in
the
pan
.
Evaporation
and
boiling
are
both
forms
of
.
occurs
at
any
temperature
when
a
liquid
becomes
a
gas
on
the
surface
of
a
substance
.
occurs
at
a
specific
temperature
when
a
liquid
becomes
a
gas
beneath
and
on
the
surface
of
a
substance
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
liquid
becomes
a
gas
,
it
is
endothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
liquid
becomes
a
gas
both
in
and
at
the
surface
of
a
liquid
,
it
is
endothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
liquid
becomes
a
gas
only
at
the
surface
of
a
liquid
,
it
is
endothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
solid
becomes
a
gas
without
becoming
a
liquid
,
it
is
endothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
gas
becomes
a
solid
without
becoming
liquid
,
it
is
exothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
gas
becomes
a
liquid
,
it
is
exothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
solid
becomes
a
liquid
,
it
is
endothermic
.
is
the
process
by
which
a
liquid
becomes
a
solid
,
it
is
exothermic
.
is
the
total
energy
of
the
motion
of
the
particles
in
a
substance
.
is
a
measure
of
the
average
energy
of
the
motion
of
the
particles
in
a
substance
.
is
the
thermal
energy
flow
(
when
released
the
environment
temperature
increases
,
or
when
absorbed
the
environment
temperature
decreases
)
when
matter
changes
phase
or
state
.
Endothermic
is
the
change
in
which
energy
is
absorbed
(
the
environment
energy
and
becomes
)
.
is
the
change
in
which
energy
is
released
(
the
environment
gains
energy
and
becomes
warmer
)
.
is
the
temperature
at
which
a
liquid
starts
to
become
a
gas
(
100°C
for
water
)
,
it
is
unique
for
every
substance
.
is
the
temperature
at
which
a
solid
begins
to
become
a
liquid
(
0°C
for
water
,
it
is
unique
for
every
substance
)
.
is
the
temperature
at
which
a
gas
begins
to
become
a
liquid
,
it
is
the
same
temperature
as
the
boiling
point
.
is
the
temperature
at
which
a
liquid
begins
to
become
a
solid
,
it
is
the
same
temperature
as
the
melting
point
.
Solids
are
solids
in
which
particles
are
not
arranged
in
a
regular
pattern
.
Solids
are
solids
in
which
particles
are
arranged
in
a
regular
pattern
called
a
crystal
lattice
.
are
substance
that
flow
,
they
include
liquids
and
gases
.
is
the
force
per
unit
area
,
it
?
s
an
outward
push
divided
by
the
area
of
the
walls
of
the
container
,
it
is
measured
in
.
is
the
inward
force
in
a
liquid
that
brings
molecules
on
the
surface
closer
together
and
allows
them
to
remain
together
.
As
a
result
of
Rutherford
?
s
gold
foil
experiment
scientists
inferred
that
an
atom
?
s
charge
must
be
concentrated
in
the
of
the
atom
.
Mendeleev
created
the
first
periodic
table
by
arranging
elements
in
order
of
atomic
.
The
atomic
number
of
an
element
is
the
number
of
in
its
.
You
can
predict
an
element
?
s
based
on
its
location
on
the
periodic
table
.
Metals
are
,
,
and
can
carry
an
electrical
.
The
two
most
common
alkaline
earth
metals
are
and
.
At
room
temperature
,
more
than
half
of
the
nonmetal
elements
are
.
The
elements
that
do
not
react
to
form
compounds
under
normal
conditions
are
the
.
Beta
radiation
consists
of
particles
that
are
identical
to
.
Measurements
of
half
-
life
make
radioactive
isotopes
useful
for
determining
the
ages
of
and
.
The
elements
in
the
same
column
(
or
or
)
on
the
periodic
table
have
similar
.
The
most
reactive
metals
on
the
periodic
table
are
found
in
group
,
period
which
are
the
metals
.
Most
elements
on
the
periodic
table
are
classified
as
.
A
material
that
is
can
be
pulled
or
drawn
into
a
long
wire
.
In
an
atom
,
the
number
of
and
are
equal
.
Elements
in
the
same
row
on
the
periodic
table
have
properties
that
change
in
a
pattern
.
The
is
the
number
of
protons
in
an
atom
.
orbit
the
nucleus
of
an
atom
.
have
properties
of
both
metals
and
nonmetals
.
are
negatively
charged
particles
in
an
atom
.
Fluorine
,
chlorine
,
bromine
,
and
iodine
are
all
part
of
the
family
.
The
atomic
nuclei
of
unstable
isotopes
release
fast
-
moving
particles
and
energy
in
a
process
called
.
The
half
-
life
of
a
radioactive
isotope
is
the
length
of
time
needed
for
half
of
the
atoms
of
a
sample
to
.
Radioactive
isotopes
called
can
be
used
to
detect
some
medical
problems
.
A
piece
of
paper
will
provide
protection
from
radiation
.
The
series
of
electron
orbits
in
model
resemble
planets
orbiting
the
Sun
or
the
layers
of
an
onion
.
The
modern
periodic
table
is
organized
according
to
number
.
The
horizontal
rows
on
the
periodic
table
are
known
as
or
.
Nonmetals
can
be
found
on
the
side
of
the
periodic
table
.
Atoms
with
the
same
number
of
protons
and
different
numbers
of
neutrons
are
called
.
Scientific
theories
often
make
use
of
,
which
are
representations
of
an
idea
to
help
scientists
understand
what
they
cannot
directly
observe
.
Each
element
is
given
a
specific
that
usually
consists
of
one
or
two
letters
.
A
column
of
elements
on
the
periodic
table
is
called
a
or
a
because
they
have
similar
.
Elements
that
easily
transmit
electricity
and
heat
display
the
property
known
as
.
The
spontaneous
emission
of
radiation
by
an
unstable
atomic
nucleus
was
named
by
Marie
Curie
.
Mendeleev
discovered
that
periodic
patterns
appeared
when
he
arranged
the
elements
in
order
of
increasing
.
The
property
of
an
element
that
indicates
the
number
of
protons
in
its
atoms
is
the
of
that
element
.
The
chemical
reactivity
of
metals
tends
to
from
left
to
right
across
the
periodic
table
.
In
1869
,
Dmitri
Mendeleev
created
the
first
version
of
the
.
Most
metals
are
in
the
state
or
phase
at
room
temperature
.
The
is
the
very
small
center
of
an
atom
.
Elements
known
as
are
located
to
the
right
of
the
metalloids
on
the
periodic
table
.
At
room
temperature
,
all
the
metalloids
are
solids
,
while
many
of
the
nonmetals
are
.
Because
radioactive
isotopes
decay
at
a
predictable
rate
,
the
half
-
life
can
be
used
to
tell
how
old
a
material
is
by
the
process
of
.
Two
ways
a
proton
and
a
neutron
are
similar
are
they
have
the
same
and
are
both
located
in
the
.
Atoms
are
neutral
because
they
have
equal
numbers
of
and
.
The
mass
of
a
(
n
)
is
so
small
that
it
doesn
?
t
really
change
the
mass
of
an
atom
.
When
uranium
-
238
decays
into
lead
-
206
,
the
difference
between
the
mass
of
uranium
and
lead
is
amu
,
while
the
difference
between
their
atomic
numbers
is
.
A
(
n
)
particle
is
released
when
radium
into
radon
,
while
a
(
n
)
beta
particle
is
released
when
changing
a
neutron
into
a
proton
when
lead
decays
into
bismuth
.
is
always
released
during
any
type
of
radioactive
decay
.
react
violently
with
water
.
metals
tend
to
be
less
reactive
than
the
families
to
the
left
and
right
of
them
.
is
so
unique
that
it
could
easily
be
placed
in
either
group
1
or
group
17
.
The
element
in
group
18
,
period
4
is
and
it
would
be
a
at
room
temperature
and
would
not
react
with
other
elements
.
Ionic
compounds
that
dissolve
in
water
conduct
electricity
because
they
break
into
that
move
freely
.
In
the
electron
dot
diagrams
of
lithium
,
magnesium
,
boron
,
carbon
,
nitrogen
,
oxygen
,
fluorine
,
and
neon
,
how
many
dots
should
be
drawn
around
each
of
the
elements
?
symbols
,
respectively
?
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
The
properties
of
solid
metals
can
be
explained
by
the
of
and
the
bonding
among
the
metal
atoms
.
Orderly
crystal
shapes
,
high
melting
points
,
and
electrical
conductivity
when
dissolved
in
water
are
properties
of
compounds
.
When
electrons
are
between
two
atoms
,
a
covalent
bond
is
formed
.
A
low
melting
point
is
one
property
of
compounds
.
A
nonpolar
bond
is
formed
when
two
atoms
share
electrons
.
The
overall
charge
on
an
atom
is
;
the
overall
charge
on
a
compound
is
0
,
making
it
neutral
-
the
criss
-
cross
balances
(
cancels
out
)
the
positive
and
negative
charges
.
When
an
atom
loses
an
electron
,
it
becomes
a
(
n
)
charged
.
A
bond
is
when
two
pairs
of
electrons
are
shared
between
two
atoms
.
*
A
triple
bond
is
when
three
pairs
of
electrons
are
shared
between
two
atoms
.
Aluminum
foil
is
an
example
of
a
metal
that
is
.
A
chemical
bond
formed
when
two
atoms
share
electrons
is
called
a
(
n
)
.
Electrons
involved
in
bonding
between
atoms
are
electrons
located
from
the
nucleus
in
the
s
and
p
sublevels
that
have
a
charge
.
Molecular
compounds
that
dissolve
in
water
do
not
conduct
electricity
because
no
are
present
.
In
the
chemical
formula
for
an
ionic
compound
,
the
name
of
the
metallic
is
written
first
.
A
mixture
made
up
of
two
or
more
elements
,
at
least
one
of
which
is
a
metal
is
called
a
(
n
)
.
Fluorine
is
a
(
n
)
molecule
because
the
valence
electrons
are
shared
equally
between
the
two
fluorine
atoms
.
Ions
that
are
made
of
more
than
one
type
of
atom
are
examples
of
.
An
ionic
bond
is
the
attraction
between
charged
ions
.
A
metal
crystal
consists
of
positively
charged
metal
ions
embedded
in
a
sea
of
freely
moving
.
atom
(
s
)
of
a
halogen
would
need
to
react
with
one
atom
of
an
alkaline
earth
metal
to
be
stable
.
Calcium
phosphate
is
an
ionic
compound
with
the
chemical
formula
Ca3
(
PO4
)
2
.
The
subscript
3
tells
the
number
of
ions
present
,
the
subscript
4
tells
you
the
number
of
ions
present
,
and
the
subscript
2
tells
you
the
number
of
ions
present
.
The
subscript
of
the
phosphorus
ion
present
is
.
Because
the
electrons
in
a
molecule
of
dihydrogen
sulfide
are
more
strongly
pulled
toward
the
sulfide
atom
,
the
molecule
is
.
The
most
reactive
metals
are
the
metals
.
Solid
are
good
conductors
of
thermal
energy
and
electrical
current
.
Most
molecular
compounds
have
melting
points
and
boiling
points
.
A
metal
crystal
consists
of
metal
surrounded
by
a
of
electro
n
Bonds
that
form
between
two
nonmetal
atoms
usually
are
bonds
.
When
cations
form
bonds
with
anions
,
the
charge
on
the
resulting
compound
is
.
Ionic
compounds
are
electrically
.
In
order
to
determine
the
charge
on
a
metal
from
groups
3
-
16
,
you
must
the
criss
-
cross
and
know
the
charge
of
the
nonmetal
or
metalloid
.
Compounds
can
have
a
of
bond
types
.
All
chemical
reactions
are
accompanied
by
changes
in
and
form
new
substances
with
.
In
an
endothermic
reaction
,
more
energy
is
than
is
.
In
an
exothermic
reaction
,
more
energy
is
than
is
.
The
substances
formed
during
a
chemical
reaction
are
called
,
while
substances
that
are
undergoing
a
chemical
change
are
called
.
In
a
(
n
)
reaction
,
the
products
have
less
energy
than
the
reactants
.
Water
boils
at
100°C
.
This
is
an
example
of
a
(
n
)
property
.
The
substances
that
are
having
their
bonds
rearranged
are
the
in
the
reaction
.
The
ability
for
methane
to
react
with
oxygen
is
a
property
.
Another
name
for
a
chemical
change
is
a
chemical
.
In
a
physical
change
,
some
of
the
physical
properties
may
be
altered
and
the
chemical
composition
remains
the
.
In
a
balanced
chemical
equation
,
are
.
When
the
equation
Al
+
Br2
?
AlBr3
is
balanced
,
the
coefficient
for
Al
is
.
The
reaction
in
which
hydrogen
gas
and
oxygen
gas
are
produced
by
running
an
electric
current
through
water
is
an
example
of
.
A
reaction
that
has
two
compounds
as
reactants
and
two
compounds
as
products
is
most
likely
.
The
principle
that
states
that
matter
is
neither
created
nor
destroyed
during
a
chemical
reaction
is
called
the
Law
of
.
A
number
written
in
front
of
a
chemical
formula
to
show
the
actual
number
of
atoms
or
molecules
is
a
(
n
)
.
The
production
of
carbon
dioxide
gas
during
the
burning
of
a
fuel
is
an
example
of
a
(
n
)
reaction
.
In
a
chemical
equation
,
the
arrow
is
read
as
.
In
a
balanced
chemical
equation
for
the
formation
of
ammonia
(
NH3
)
from
nitrogen
gas
(
N2
)
and
hydrogen
gas
(
H2
)
,
the
sum
of
the
coefficients
is
.
The
formation
of
a
yellow
in
the
reaction
between
silver
nitrate
and
potassium
iodide
showed
that
a
chemical
reaction
had
taken
place
.
Increasing
the
surface
area
of
the
reactants
will
the
rate
of
the
reaction
.
The
amount
of
a
substance
in
a
given
volume
is
the
of
the
substance
.
Adding
a
catalyst
to
a
reaction
will
the
activation
energy
of
the
reaction
.
Adding
an
inhibitor
to
a
reaction
will
the
activation
energy
of
the
reaction
.
In
an
endothermic
reaction
,
the
energy
of
the
products
is
than
the
energy
of
the
reactants
.
In
an
exothermic
reaction
,
the
environment
becomes
.
Any
substance
that
speeds
up
or
slows
down
a
biological
chemical
reaction
is
called
a
(
n
)
.
|
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