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An
enclosed
space
includes
tanks
for
cargo
,
ballast
,
fuel
,
fresh
water
,
cofferdams
etc
.
However
,
any
enclosed
space
Will
be
considered
as
dangerous
,
if
that
space
has
been
closed
for
an
extended
period
without
any
.
Such
spaces
may
be
oxygen
deficient
or
with
toxic
fumes
from
cargoes
,
fuel
or
even
paint
and
chemicals
.
These
spaces
should
be
clearly
marked
with
appropriate
stating
that
enclosed
space
entry
procedures
must
be
followed
.
No
person
must
enter
an
enclosed
space
,
unless
a
permit
has
been
issued
by
a
senior
officer
and
all
precautions
have
been
taken
.
Safety
equipment
should
be
on
in
case
of
emergency
.
The
trouble
began
on
Sunday
evening
when
the
5
,
100
-
teu
containership
Ariana
to
a
halt
in
the
southern
section
of
the
canal
.
lt
is
not
clear
whether
the
ship
ran
aground
or
was
experiencing
a
problem
with
its
engines
.
The
vessel
was
20th
in
a
southbound
,
of
27
ships
.
Three
bulk
carriers
following
behind
were
unable
to
stop
and
collided
with
each
other
.
Tugs
were
able
to
the
Ariana
,
which
was
not
involved
in
any
collision
,
to
Suez
.
lt
resumed
its
voyage
down
the
Red
Sea
on
Monday
afternoon
.
The
other
three
ships
are
currently
undergoing
a
surveyor's
to
determine
the
extent
of
the
damage
.
It
is
important
to
check
all
electrical
motors
,
wiring
and
switches
during
the
daily
.
Listen
for
abnormal
sounds
and
look
for
variation
in
temperatures
or
any
turns
loose
,
In
the
accommodation
area
,
multiple
socket
plugs
should
never
be
used
.
Crew
members
should
always
be
about
any
ongoing
work
to
avoid
the
accidental
starting
up
of
machinery
or
equipment
.
It
is
also
important
to
double
electrical
tools
,
such
as
portable
drills
,
for
any
loose
wires
before
attempting
check
any
job
.
Always
wear
the
correct
Personal
Protective
Equipment
to
avoid
the
risk
of
shock
.
The
boatswain
,
also
known
as
the
bosun
,
is
the
crewman
of
the
deck
.
He
is
responsible
for
the
ship's
hull
and
all
its
components
,
including
its
rigging
,
anchors
,
cables
,
sails
and
deck
maintenance
.
The
corrosive
properties
of
salt
water
create
a
constant
need
for
maintenance
.
The
bosun
maintenance
of
the
deck
and
above
-
deck
areas
,
performing
daily
inspections
on
the
exposed
and
superstructure
ship
areas
.
He
duties
to
deck
sailors
that
range
from
cleaning
and
painting
the
deck
.
In
addition
,
the
bosun
is
in
of
mooring
operations
and
also
acts
as
the
watchman
of
the
ship
for
the
Captain
or
superior
officers
when
required
.
All
accidents
and
incidents
are
and
crewmembers
,
irrespective
off
their
rank
,
have
the
right
to
'stop
the
job'
in
progress
if
a
risk
is
observed
that
could
to
injury
,
damage
to
equipment
or
the
environment
.
Seafarers
can
'stop
the
job'
safe
in
the
knowledge
that
no
retribution
or
can
be
imposed
as
long
as
this
policy
has
been
implemented
in
good
faith
.
A
'stop
the
job'
situation
should
be
reported
immediately
to
the
supervisor
and
ati
safety
meeting
must
be
held
to
reassess
and
all
issues
before
work
can
be
resolve
resumed
.
Walking
past
a
situation
that
you
know
is
unsafe
can
endanger
not
only
your
fellow
crew
.
but
also
your
own
life
too
.
In
the
past
,
it
was
normal
,
when
in
port
,
for
a
ship's
crew
to
finish
work
by
late
afternoon
and
then
go
ashore
.
However
,
due
to
increased
security
,
this
freedom
no
longer
exists
.
In
addition
,
with
fast
loading
and
discharging
rates
of
the
cargo
at
ports
,
it
has
become
difficult
for
a
seafarer
to
fly
out
and
join
a
ship
in
a
distant
port
.
This
is
because
by
the
time
the
visa
is
the
ship
is
already
loaded
and
ready
to
sail
.
Seafarers
are
not
finding
enough
time
to
carry
out
maintenance
work
,
short
port
stay
.
Port
authorities
want
ships
to
move
out
of
port
as
soon
as
possible
.
When
entering
confined
spaces
,
the
atmosphere
may
be
dangerous
to
health
or
even
fatal
.
It
may
be
oxygen
-
deficient
and
may
contain
flammable
or
toxic
.
A
competent
person
should
make
an
of
the
space
,
potential
hazards
should
be
identified
and
a
responsible
officer
should
be
designated
to
take
charge
of
the
planned
operation
.
The
atmosphere
inside
should
be
tested
.
The
space
be
secured
and
prepared
for
entry
,
with
rescue
and
resuscitation
equipment
positioned
at
the
entrance
.
A
system
of
communication
should
be
agreed
and
tested
to
ensure
that
any
person
entering
the
space
can
keep
in
with
the
person
stationed
at
the
entrance
.
Anyone
on
board
who
discovers
an
emergency
must
first
activate
the
nearest
alarm
switch
.
Without
delay
he
must
the
Deck
Off
icer
on
duty
as
to
the
nature
and
location
of
the
emergency
and
then
proceed
to
his
emergency
station
.
In
the
case
of
a
minor
fire
,
after
the
alarm
has
been
,
minor
fire
-
fighting
appliances
should
be
used
to
tackle
the
fire
.
In
case
of
a
more
fire
,
doors
should
be
shut
and
the
area
secured
,
before
evacuating
.
All
alarm
signals
are
shown
on
the
muster
list
.
All
crewmembers
must
be
of
the
meanings
of
the
various
alarms
signals
in
use
on
board
.
Many
accidents
in
the
galley
are
caused
by
carelessness
and
lack
of
attention
.
Burns
are
a
very
common
injury
.
However
,
if
sensible
are
taken
,
they
are
largely
avoidable
.
Make
sure
gas
is
well
vented
before
trying
to
light
ovens
or
pilot
lights
.
Strike
matches
away
from
yourself
,
before
the
gas
.
Wear
long
sleeves
and
double
-
breasted
to
protect
yourself
from
spilled
or
splattered
hot
foods
or
fat
.
Dry
foods
before
putting
them
in
frying
fat
,
or
hot
fat
may
splatter
you
.
Always
people
when
you
are
walking
behind
them
with
hot
pans
or
when
you
are
walking
behind
someone
who
is
working
with
hot
items
.
On
board
a
vessel
,
there
are
complex
posed
by
fuel
,
electricity
and
combustible
materials
.
Electricity
and
water
,
for
example
,
don't
mix
and
a
recent
incident
highlights
the
risks
.
While
the
galley
,
a
cook
saw
electrical
wires
resting
on
the
deck
.
The
ends
of
the
wires
had
tape
over
them
,
so
the
cook
assumed
they
weren't
.
He
picked
them
up
,
so
he
could
clean
the
deck
beneath
them
and
received
an
electric
shock
.
A
contractor
had
left
the
wires
when
removing
a
piece
of
machinery
.
He
had
isolated
the
electricity
but
someone
switched
it
back
on
when
the
ship
was
at
sea
.
Fortunately
,
the
cook
survived
the
experience
As
much
40%
of
your
body
heat
can
be
lost
from
your
head
and
neck
.
A
warm
hat
and
a
hood
with
ear
is
essential
in
preventing
heat
loss
from
this
area
.
Ultraviolet
rays
from
ice
or
snow
can
damage
your
sight
,
so
appropriate
sunglasses
should
be
worn
.
The
ability
to
perform
manual
work
can
be
affected
by
cold
.
Mittens
or
gloves
must
be
worn
and
should
provide
enought
insulation
to
prevent
frostbite
,
but
care
should
be
taken
not
to
get
them
parts
of
machinery
Because
of
the
nature
of
the
job
,
seafarers
visit
many
ports
in
different
parts
of
the
world
.
This
means
they
are
often
to
diseases
such
as
Malaria
,
Cholera
and
Tuberculosis
.
Although
they
are
vaccinated
and
given
thorough
medical
,
they
are
still
at
risk
from
other
diseases
such
as
EBOLA
in
West
African
countries
.
The
best
practice
is
to
use
measures
to
contain
the
spread
of
contagious
diseases
on
board
.
The
master
and
crew
should
be
informed
about
the
diseases
before
docking
.
In
addition
,
restricting
the
number
of
people
embarking
the
vessel
and
restricting
shore
leave
can
prevent
such
illnesses
from
.
In
a
number
of
cultures
,
language
is
spoken
rapidly
.
lt
is
normal
for
seafarers
from
these
cultures
to
each
other
and
even
finish
each
other's
sentences
.
Similarly
,
a
fast
speaker
can
make
assumptions
that
someone
from
a
slower
speaking
culture
is
not
interest
or
responding
,
or
that
they
even
lack
intelligence
.
This
can
have
a
major
impact
on
board
ships
when
training
crews
.
Trainers
or
officers
,
who
speak
,
do
not
always
give
slower
speaking
seafarers
time
to
understand
and
process
the
message
,
or
even
give
them
the
opportunity
to
speak
and
feedback
.
Therefore
,
it
is
essential
to
allow
enough
time
for
crew
to
answer
,
instead
of
just
talking
at
them
.
Most
of
the
waste
we
produce
on
land
eventually
reaches
the
sea
,
through
deliberate
dumping
or
from
run
off
through
drains
and
rivers
.
Oil
spills
cause
harm
to
the
marine
environment
-
but
are
only
responsible
for
about
12%
of
the
oil
running
into
the
sea
each
year
.
Solid
garbage
also
finds
its
way
to
the
sea
.
Plastic
bags
are
often
found
airways
of
many
marine
species
including
whales
,
dolphins
,
seals
and
turtles
.
Also
,
approximately
80%
of
urban
discharged
into
the
Mediterranean
Sea
is
untreated
or
under
treated
.
Tiny
animals
such
as
plankton
absorb
these
chemicals
before
being
eaten
by
fish
When
an
emergency
takes
place
on
board
and
a
crewmember
is
in
danger
,
rescuers
often
into
the
space
without
thinking
.
All
too
often
the
result
of
this
action
is
their
own
.
Even
the
most
experienced
crew
members
can
forget
their
training
.
A
person
under
stress
loses
their
to
make
decisions
.
They
believe
they
Will
be
able
to
rescue
the
person
single
-
handed
.
Another
factor
is
that
vessels
do
not
have
teams
specially
instructed
for
enclosed
space
entry
.
Emergency
parties
are
,
for
fire
-
fighting
,
abandon
ship
and
man
overboard
emergencies
only
.
Enclosed
space
accidents
mainly
when
the
ship's
crew
enter
a
confined
space
,
which
is
not
properly
gas
free
.
Unfortunately
,
some
seafarers
still
?
to
follow
correct
enclosed
space
entry
procedures
and
take
a
huge
risk
,
which
can
so
often
result
in
death
.
Hydrogen
sulphide
(
H2S
)
has
become
known
as
the
silent
killer
;
it
is
a
hazard
commonly
found
in
oil
tankers
and
cargo
vessels
.
Its
is
similar
to
an
eggy
smell
.
The
danger
,
in
an
enclosed
space
,
is
when
the
H2S
concentration
exceeds
100ppm
,
as
this
can
cause
loss
of
smell
.
This
means
that
crewmembers
can
be
overcome
and
consciousness
whilst
being
totally
unaware
of
the
situation
.
Anchors
are
normally
used
when
no
tugs
are
available
or
in
the
of
bow
thrusters
.
During
all
manoeuvring
and
harbour
operations
,
one
team
is
always
assigned
to
anchor
operations
,
in
case
engine
or
steering
cause
an
emergency
situation
.
Dredging
anchors
is
a
popular
used
to
manoeuvre
large
ships
in
constrained
waterways
.
A
large
anchor
is
Iowered
from
the
bow
of
the
vessel
because
it
just
touches
the
bottom
without
getting
anchored
or
set
.
Extreme
care
must
be
taken
not
to
ha
produce
ive
force
or
pressure
in
the
anchor
winches
and
machinery
or
else
it
may
to
accidents
An
LNG
carrier
is
a
ship
that
is
,
for
the
transport
of
liquified
natural
gas
.
LNG
carriers
are
built
using
a
double
-
hulled
construction
,
with
four
or
five
large
tanks
to
hold
the
gas
.
These
tanks
are
generally
composed
of
several
layers
of
material
to
prevent
and
keep
the
LNG
at
a
cold
temperature
.
These
tanks
are
also
insulated
to
minimise
the
amount
of
LNG
that
boils
off
or
are
also
evaporates
during
transportation
.
In
addition
,
these
ships
are
with
advanced
gas
and
fire
detection
and
suppression
systems
to
ensure
that
even
a
small
Ieak
would
trigger
a
response
.
This
makes
a
catastrophic
fire
on
an
LNC
carrier
extraordinarily
unlikely
.
Team
meeting
with
crew
,
before
a
task
is
undertaken
,
can
have
extremely
results
;
they
give
a
sense
of
involvement
and
also
help
to
prevent
accidents
.
Similarly
,
each
crewmember
is
better
able
to
understand
his
or
her
role
and
feels
more
confident
the
task
.
Debrief
meetings
,
after
the
task
has
been
completed
,
are
as
important
.
Sometimes
operations
do
not
go
as
planned
and
there
are
near
which
could
have
resulted
in
accidents
.
The
objective
is
not
to
find
fault
or
shift
the
blame
,
but
to
find
out
what
went
wrong
and
why
and
carry
out
corrective
measures
to
prevent
mishaps
from
happening
again
in
the
future
.
lt
is
important
to
plan
before
lifting
.
First
adopt
a
stable
position
with
the
feet
apart
and
one
leg
slightly
forward
to
balance
.
At
the
start
of
the
lift
,
slight
bending
of
the
back
,
llips
and
knees
is
preferable
stooping
or
squatting
.
Ideally
,
the
load
should
be
as
close
as
possible
to
the
body
at
waist
level
.
twisting
the
back
or
leaning
sideways
,
especially
while
the
back
is
bent
.
Keep
your
head
up
,
shoulders
level
and
facing
in
the
same
direction
as
the
hips
.
Turning
by
moving
the
feet
better
than
twisting
and
lifting
same
time
Don't
Lift
or
handle
more
than
can
be
easily
managed
.
If
In
doubt
,
seek
advice
or
get
help
A
clear
fire
-
control
plan
should
be
in
important
areas
throughout
the
The
Master
should
conduct
sufficient
fire
drills
,
to
make
sure
that
every
in
case
of
a
fire
crewmember
is
familiar
with
their
,
in
case
of
a
fire
.
Each
fire
drill
include
:
mustering
passengers
to
areas
of
safety
at
embarkation
stations
,
summoning
the
crew
to
report
to
muster
stations
and
demonstrate
their
assigned
tasks
,
and
instruction
in
the
use
and
location
of
fire
-
fighting
equipment
on
board
.
The
timing
and
location
of
the
emergency
drills
should
be
changed
in
order
to
give
practice
to
the
crew
in
different
conditions
and
to
train
them
to
different
types
of
fire
Some
seafarers
never
suffer
from
seasickness
,
but
others
really
do
suffer
-
especially
during
rough
seas
and
weather
.
Scientific
studies
show
that
some
people
become
seasick
just
by
thinking
about
motion
sickness
.
The
worst
thing
about
seasickness
is
not
being
able
to
stop
it
.
To
acclimatise
to
shipboard
life
,
one
is
to
spend
as
much
time
as
possible
out
on
deck
,
using
the
horizon
as
a
point
to
maintain
.
Positioning
oneself
in
the
middle
of
the
vessel
,
which
is
the
natural
equilibrium
point
,
is
another
option
.
Having
a
in
the
cabin
helps
to
provide
a
consistent
view
of
the
horizon
Nearly
all
fires
,
which
have
happened
on
board
ships
,
could
have
been
.
Fire
-
fighting
on
board
is
difficult
and
dangerous
owing
to
the
confined
areas
in
which
the
fire
may
be
tackled
and
restricted
means
of
escape
.
These
difficulties
and
dangers
can
be
reduced
with
regular
fire
drills
.
Good
housekeeping
in
all
areas
of
the
ship
is
essential
for
fire
.
Smoking
regulations
must
be
strictly
observed
.
Private
electrical
equipment
is
only
to
be
used
if
it
has
been
tested
.
When
such
equipment
is
not
in
use
,
it
must
be
switched
(
_____
)
and
disconnected
from
the
power
source
.
Whenever
the
anchor
needs
to
be
dropped
in
the
seabed
,
the
available
marine
charts
of
the
sea
area
are
used
to
determine
the
nature
and
of
the
sea
floor
.
After
the
appropriate
spot
has
been
selected
,
the
anchor
is
Iowered
into
the
water
at
a
steady
pace
.
While
letting
go
the
anchor
,
it
is
important
to
well
clear
of
the
windlass
.
Depending
on
weather
conditions
,
a
section
of
the
anchor
chain
is
kept
in
order
to
allow
some
movement
of
the
ship
.
Not
all
types
of
ocean
floors
are
suitable
for
anchoring
,
so
the
crew
might
have
to
try
a
few
times
before
they
an
appropriate
spot
.
Staff
granted
leave
to
go
onshore
should
be
aware
that
a
to
return
to
the
ship
on
time
,
when
it
is
at
port
,
is
Likely
to
result
in
a
demotion
or
dismissal
.
All
crew
and
staff
are
required
to
be
on
board
an
hour
before
to
departure
.
attention
to
the
sailing
schedule
and
keep
an
eye
on
time
.
If
you
do
,
for
some
reason
miss
the
ship
,
your
cruise
line's
agents
Will
help
you
board
the
ship
again
at
another
location
.
However
,
there
may
be
some
expense
to
you
.
The
term
'security
level'
is
used
to
quantify
the
risk
of
a
potential
security
incident
.
There
are
3
security
levels
:
Level
1
is
considered
as
normal
with
minimum
routine
security
measures
in
Level
2
is
where
an
increased
risk
of
a
security
incident
exists
.
In
this
case
there
are
security
measures
taken
.
Level
3
is
the
level
and
this
is
where
a
security
incident
or
threat
against
a
port
,
port
facility
,
or
ship
is
probable
or
imminent
.
Instructions
Will
normally
be
by
those
responding
to
the
incident
and
,
generally
,
normal
operations
Will
stop
.
Spillages
leakages
bunkering
operations
are
a
primary
source
of
oil
pollution
from
ships
.
Experience
has
shown
that
many
of
the
bunker
overflows
and
spillages
that
do
occur
can
be
attributed
to
human
.
All
bunkering
operations
should
be
carefully
planned
and
executed
in
accordance
with
MARPOL
regulations
.
Pollution
caused
when
heavy
fuel
oil
is
spilt
is
particularly
damaging
and
difficult
to
up
.
Personnel
involved
in
the
bunkering
procedure
on
board
should
have
no
other
tasks
and
should
remain
at
their
workstations
during
topping
off
.
This
is
particularly
important
when
bunkers
are
being
loaded
at
the
same
time
as
ongoing
cargo
.
Spillages
often
occur
when
staff
are
distracted
by
another
task
An
Electronic
Chart
Display
a
d
Information
System
(
ECDIS
)
is
a
computer
-
based
navigation
system
that
with
IMO
regulations
and
can
be
used
as
an
alternative
to
paper
navigation
charts
.
Integrating
a
variety
of
real
-
time
information
,
it
is
an
automated
decision
aid
capable
of
continuously
determining
a
vessel's
position
in
relation
to
land
,
charted
objects
,
navigation
aids
and
unseen
.
An
ECDIS
electronic
navigational
charts
(
ENC
)
and
integrates
position
information
from
the
Global
Positioning
System
(
CPS
)
and
other
navigational
sensors
such
as
radar
,
fathometer
and
automatic
identification
systems
(
AIS
)
.
It
may
also
display
navigation
-
related
information
,
such
as
sailing
directions
,
tidal
information
,
ice
conditions
and
automatic
vessel
identification
.
to
research
,
most
pirate
attacks
are
unsuccessful
.
apparently
larger
ships
as
tankers
,
dry
bulk
cargo
and
containers
are
at
greater
at
risk
of
an
attack
,
but
they
are
also
lees
likely
to
suffer
a
successful
attack
.
The
risk
of
an
attack
is
higher
for
a
ship
that
is
anchor
or
berth
to
drifting
or
steaming
.
While
at
anchor
.
pirates
are
more
likely
to
use
the
anchor
,
the
mooring
rope
and
the
hawse
pipe
to
grain
access
.
Access
to
the
ship
using
ladders
,
hooks
and
ropes
or
even
as
government
officials
is
more
common
when
the
ship
is
steaming
or
drifting
.
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