In
an
often
-
cited
study
about
____________________
,
Medvec
,
Madey
,
and
Gilovich
(
1995
)
found
that
bronze
medalists
appeared
happier
than
silver
medalists
in
television
coverage
of
the
1992
Summer
Olympics
.
Medvec
et
al
.
____________________
that
bronze
medalists
compared
themselves
to
4th
place
finishers
,
whereas
silver
medalists
compared
themselves
to
gold
medalists
.
These
counterfactuals
were
the
most
____________________
because
they
were
either
qualitatively
different
(
gold
vs
.
silver
)
or
categorically
different
(
medal
vs
.
no
medal
)
from
what
____________________
occurred
.
Drawing
on
archival
____________________
and
experimental
studies
,
we
show
that
Olympic
athletes
(
among
others
)
are
more
likely
to
make
counterfactual
comparisons
based
on
their
____________________
expectations
,
consistent
with
decision
affect
theory
.
Silver
medalists
are
more
likely
to
be
disappointed
because
their
personal
expectations
are
higher
than
____________________
of
bronze
medalists
.
We
provide
a
____________________
between
expectancy
-
base
versus
category
-
based
processing
and
discuss
circumstances
____________________
trigger
each
type
of
processing
.
