Instrumentation II (3/3)

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employee training

nuclear medicine

Recommended age: 16 years old

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Joshua Liberty

United States

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April 4, 2024

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Instrumentation II (3/3)Online version Multiple choice by Joshua Liberty 1 When image data is represented in terms such as counts per pixel or X,Y data, this data is said to exist in the ? a Multiple angles b FBP domain c Frequency domain d Spatial domain 2 What does the order do in a Butterworth filter? a Expands grey scales b Performs filtered back projection c Controls slope of curve d Adjusts cutoff frequency 3 The maximum frequency the filter will pass is called? a Cutoff frequency b Critical frequency c Order d Cutoff frequency or Critical frequency e All listed 4 The camera stays close to more of the patient's body, using body mapping to move heads in and out before scan starts; this is called? a Filtered orbit b Body orbit c Elliptical orbit d Circular orbit 5 All data needed to reconstruct one trans axial slice is? a Sinogram b Reconstruction c Backprojection d Filtered backprojection 6 The process of creating transaxial slices from the projection views is? a Sinogram b Reconstruction c Backprojection d Filtered backprojection 7 Elliptical orbits would have ? a Better spatial resolutions b Better counts c Less attenuation d All listed 8 _____ s represented by high frequencies (HF), which are to some degree separate from the frequencies that related to the _______. a Noise; object or organ of interest b Object or organ of interest; noise c Background; object or organ of interest d Start artifact; noise 9 The ramp filter is a _____ pass filter. a Low b High c Band d Moderate 10 What causes start artifact in SPECT processing? a Backprojection (unfiltered) b Septal penetration c Iterative reconstruction d Inability to see small objects after reconstruction 11 What is found in the low frequencies? a Gated data b Areas where counts are changing very quickly; small object, sharp edges and image noise c Areas where counts are varying somewhat quickly; often where desired object information is d Parts of an object that are large and homogenous including general shape; includes background 12 What is found in the mid frequencies? a Gated data b Areas where counts are changing very quickly; small object, sharp edges and image noise c Areas where counts are varying somewhat quickly; often where desired object information is d Parts of an object that are large and homogenous including general shape; includes background 13 What is found in the high frequencies? a Gated data b Areas where counts are changing very quickly; small object, sharp edges and image noise c Areas where counts are varying somewhat quickly; often where desired object information is d Parts of an object that are large and homogenous including general shape; includes background 14 A Nyquist frequency of 1.0 is used; the result will be ? a Every pixel is on b Every 4th pixel is on c Every other (alternate) pixel is on d Every 3rd pixel is on 15 If Nyquist is expressed in _______, the number values is based on ____. a Cycles/cm; cutoff frequency b Cycles/count; pixel size c Cycles/cm; pixel size d Cycles/pixel; pixel size 16 This 3D technique uses solid model of the exterior pixels, hiding the interior pixels from view, uses shading to make known shape of object. This is? a Surface rendering b Maximum intensity projection c Volume rendering d Filtered backprojection 17 This 3D technique reprojects 3D image matrix, creating 2D projections, views in a rotating cine display like a movie? a Surface rendering b Maximum intensity projection c Volume rendering d Filtered backprojection 18 This 3D technique uses hottest voxel along each ray to generate projection? a Surface rendering b Maximum intensity projection c Volume rendering d Filtered backprojection 19 The Nyquist frequency is? a 0.05 cycles/pixel b 0.5 pixel/cycle c 0.5 cycles/pixel d 5 cycles/pixel 20 How does FBP help get rid of streaks from backprojection? a Uses a Butterworth filter b Increases FWHM c Uses iterative processing d Adds negative values to areas of increased counts 21 All filtering is a compromise between ____ and _______. a Smoothing; high resolution b Noise; high resolution c Star artifact; background d Mid frequencies; objects of interest 22 Why is COR done? a To ensure that alignment exists between the mechanical point and observed reference point b To check table motion c check linearity d To check IU and DU 23 Name reasons for a Moire artifact? a Interference patterns from collimator holes and the transmission phantom pattern b Too small matrix size used of dimension of a digital acquisition is similar to bar size of phantom c Image acquired for little time d Interference patterns from collimator holes and the transmission phantom pattern and Too small matrix size used of dimension of a digital acquisition is similar to bar size of phantom e Too small matrix size used of dimension of a digital acquisition is similar to bar size of phantom and Image acquired for little time 24 When a source is moved from edge to center of a PMT, the light collection efficiency of that PMT increases more rapidly than the distance the source is moved; this causes image of a line source crossing in front of a PMT to be bent toward the center; this is called? a PMT distortion b Star artifact c Barreling distortion d Pincushion distortion 25 A SPECT resolution and uniformity test is needed; the phantom needed is? a COR b Hine duley c Jaszczak Phantom d 4 Quadrant 26 Imposing a digital format on an analog image, a photon on border of 2 pixels must be assigned to one or another. This is called? a Normalization b 3rd dimension superposition c Image matrix d Quantum mottle 27 Tl-201 cardiac study would be processed with a ____ filter with a ___ cut off frequency. a Sharper; higher b Smoother; lower c Smoother; higher d Sharper; lower 28 A tech wants a study with high resolution and is willing to accept noise; which filter is best? a Low pass b Band pass c High pass d None of these 29 What is inverse Fourier transform used for in SPECT? a To filter out noise b For iterative processing c Formula which transforms frequency domain (waveforms) back into spatial (x, y) d Formula which transforms spatial into frequencies 30 A well counter is checked for % energy resolution with both Tc99m and Cs-137; the Tc99m result is 12% and Cs-137 result is 6%; what can be concluded? a The unit is defective b The unit is working properly c The unit lacks energy linearity d The test should be repeated 31 ______ is the essence of CT and X-ray imaging? a Photoelectric effect b Magnetic signal c Attenuation d Photons e Compton scatter Feedback 27 Count poor study

Instrumentation II (3/3)Online version

Multiple choice

by Joshua Liberty

When image data is represented in terms such as counts per pixel or X,Y data, this data is said to exist in the ?

Multiple angles

FBP domain

Frequency domain

Spatial domain

What does the order do in a Butterworth filter?

Expands grey scales

Performs filtered back projection

Controls slope of curve

Adjusts cutoff frequency

The maximum frequency the filter will pass is called?

Cutoff frequency

Critical frequency

Order

Cutoff frequency or Critical frequency

All listed

The camera stays close to more of the patient's body, using body mapping to move heads in and out before scan starts; this is called?

Filtered orbit

Body orbit

Elliptical orbit

Circular orbit

All data needed to reconstruct one trans axial slice is?

Sinogram

Reconstruction

Backprojection

Filtered backprojection

The process of creating transaxial slices from the projection views is?

Sinogram

Reconstruction

Backprojection

Filtered backprojection

Elliptical orbits would have ?

Better spatial resolutions

Better counts

Less attenuation

All listed

_ s represented by high frequencies (HF), which are to some degree separate from the frequencies that related to the ___.

Noise; object or organ of interest

Object or organ of interest; noise

Background; object or organ of interest

Start artifact; noise

The ramp filter is a _____ pass filter.

Low

High

Band

Moderate

What causes start artifact in SPECT processing?

Backprojection (unfiltered)

Septal penetration

Iterative reconstruction

Inability to see small objects after reconstruction

What is found in the low frequencies?

Gated data

Areas where counts are changing very quickly; small object, sharp edges and image noise

Areas where counts are varying somewhat quickly; often where desired object information is

Parts of an object that are large and homogenous including general shape; includes background

What is found in the mid frequencies?

Gated data

Areas where counts are changing very quickly; small object, sharp edges and image noise

Areas where counts are varying somewhat quickly; often where desired object information is

Parts of an object that are large and homogenous including general shape; includes background

What is found in the high frequencies?

Gated data

Areas where counts are changing very quickly; small object, sharp edges and image noise

Areas where counts are varying somewhat quickly; often where desired object information is

Parts of an object that are large and homogenous including general shape; includes background

A Nyquist frequency of 1.0 is used; the result will be ?

Every pixel is on

Every 4th pixel is on

Every other (alternate) pixel is on

Every 3rd pixel is on

If Nyquist is expressed in ___, the number values is based on .

Cycles/cm; cutoff frequency

Cycles/count; pixel size

Cycles/cm; pixel size

Cycles/pixel; pixel size

This 3D technique uses solid model of the exterior pixels, hiding the interior pixels from view, uses shading to make known shape of object. This is?

Surface rendering

Maximum intensity projection

Volume rendering

Filtered backprojection

This 3D technique reprojects 3D image matrix, creating 2D projections, views in a rotating cine display like a movie?

Surface rendering

Maximum intensity projection

Volume rendering

Filtered backprojection

This 3D technique uses hottest voxel along each ray to generate projection?

Surface rendering

Maximum intensity projection

Volume rendering

Filtered backprojection

The Nyquist frequency is?

0.05 cycles/pixel

0.5 pixel/cycle

0.5 cycles/pixel

5 cycles/pixel

How does FBP help get rid of streaks from backprojection?

Uses a Butterworth filter

Increases FWHM

Uses iterative processing

Adds negative values to areas of increased counts

All filtering is a compromise between and ___.

Smoothing; high resolution

Noise; high resolution

Star artifact; background

Mid frequencies; objects of interest

Why is COR done?

To ensure that alignment exists between the mechanical point and observed reference point

To check table motion

check linearity

To check IU and DU

Name reasons for a Moire artifact?

Interference patterns from collimator holes and the transmission phantom pattern

Too small matrix size used of dimension of a digital acquisition is similar to bar size of phantom

Image acquired for little time

Interference patterns from collimator holes and the transmission phantom pattern and Too small matrix size used of dimension of a digital acquisition is similar to bar size of phantom

Too small matrix size used of dimension of a digital acquisition is similar to bar size of phantom and Image acquired for little time

When a source is moved from edge to center of a PMT, the light collection efficiency of that PMT increases more rapidly than the distance the source is moved; this causes image of a line source crossing in front of a PMT to be bent toward the center; this is called?

PMT distortion

Star artifact

Barreling distortion

Pincushion distortion

A SPECT resolution and uniformity test is needed; the phantom needed is?

COR

Hine duley

Jaszczak Phantom

4 Quadrant

Imposing a digital format on an analog image, a photon on border of 2 pixels must be assigned to one or another. This is called?

Normalization

3rd dimension superposition

Image matrix

Quantum mottle

Tl-201 cardiac study would be processed with a __ filter with a _ cut off frequency.

Sharper; higher

Smoother; lower

Smoother; higher

Sharper; lower

A tech wants a study with high resolution and is willing to accept noise; which filter is best?

Low pass

Band pass

High pass

None of these

What is inverse Fourier transform used for in SPECT?

To filter out noise

For iterative processing

Formula which transforms frequency domain (waveforms) back into spatial (x, y)

Formula which transforms spatial into frequencies

A well counter is checked for % energy resolution with both Tc99m and Cs-137; the Tc99m result is 12% and Cs-137 result is 6%; what can be concluded?

The unit is defective

The unit is working properly

The unit lacks energy linearity

The test should be repeated

______ is the essence of CT and X-ray imaging?

Photoelectric effect

Magnetic signal

Attenuation

Photons

Compton scatter

Feedback

Count poor study

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