PET study quiz (3/3)

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Slides 24 -30

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Joshua Liberty

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PET study quiz (3/3)Online version Slides 24 -30 by Joshua Liberty 1 Some 511 KeV photons are blocked by the human body/tissues/bones. a True b False 2 Attenuation correction uses a radioactive source (or X-ray) to pass radiation through the patient's body and compute the amount of attenuation. a True b False 3 A transmission source may be? a Positron b HE single energy gamma c X-ray d HE multi-energy gamma e Positron, HE single energy gamma, X-ray 4 The PET source method uses which radionuclide for AC? a Ge-67 b Ge-68 c Cs-137 d Co-57 5 What is Ge-68 energy decay method and Tp? a B+ emitter; 280 days b B+ emitter; 78.3 hours c EC; 280 days d EC; 78.3 hours 6 The PET source method generates AC by? a Rotating around the patient, counts for each LOR recorded with patient in detector is compared to counts from blank scan. b Shooting x-rays through the body at each LOR. c Rotating around the patient, counts for each LOR recorded with patient in detector is compared to counts without patient in scanner. d Shooting magnetic waves through the body at each LOR. 7 The 2nd method for AC uses X-rays. This requires a _______ to adjust attenuation coefficient of X-rays and coefficient for 511 KeV. a Decay factor b Scaling factor c Dosimetry d Shielding factor 8 Advantages to using the CT/X-ray method? a All of these b Less noise c Reduced acquisition time d CT anatomical correlation e None of these 9 When using x-rays at 140 KeV or less the attenuation coefficient for bone vs. tissue varies greatly. a True b False 10 Which is the preferred method? a CT/X-ray method b PET source method c MRI mapping method d None of these 11 Estimate of FDG uptake in abnormal vs normal tissue. a ROI b Count density c Pixel uniformity d SUV 12 SUV help to separate? a Bone vs tissue b Benign vs malignancy c Calcifications vs collagen d Tracer saturation vs unsaturated tissue 13 How does blood sugar affect the SUV? a Decrease in FDG clearance so an increase in SUV b Higher blood glucose levels = decreased SUV c Higher blood glucose levels = increased SUV d Increase in FDG clearance so an increase in SUV 14 What is SUV dependent on? a Exact amount of tracer left in syringe b Decay correction for delays in injection c Patient's glucose level d None of these e All of these 15 Fat picks up FDG a True b False 16 Fat causes overestimation of FDG, the solution is to use ? a BSA b Patient mass c BMI d Standard amount for everyone 17 What is background in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event e Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration f Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures 18 What is noise in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event e Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration f Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures 19 What is dead time in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event e All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl f Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration 20 What is attenuation in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event e All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl f Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures 21 What is scatter in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event e All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl f Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures 22 What is patient motion in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event e All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl f Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration 23 What is partial volume effects in potential PET issues? a Present due to scatter and randoms b Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake c New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed d All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl e Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration f Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures 24 Overcorrection can lead to ________ how does the MD correct for this? a Hot spot; looks at non-corrected transmissions to verify b Hot spot; looks at non-corrected emissions to verify c Cold spot; looks at non-corrected emissions to verify d Hot spot; looks at CT scan to verify 25 PET source method is primarily used in BGO scanner mostly. a True b False 26 The source stays outside the camera when not in use. a True b False 27 Because the source is in the camera and is shielded causes less dead time due to increased count rates. a True b False 28 Scaling factors are used with each type of pixel and used to correct emission scans. a True b False Feedback 26 Stays shielded inside the camera 27 More dead time happens because of the integrated source

PET study quiz (3/3)Online version

Slides 24 -30

by Joshua Liberty

Some 511 KeV photons are blocked by the human body/tissues/bones.

True

False

Attenuation correction uses a radioactive source (or X-ray) to pass radiation through the patient's body and compute the amount of attenuation.

True

False

A transmission source may be?

Positron

HE single energy gamma

X-ray

HE multi-energy gamma

Positron, HE single energy gamma, X-ray

The PET source method uses which radionuclide for AC?

Ge-67

Ge-68

Cs-137

Co-57

What is Ge-68 energy decay method and Tp?

B+ emitter; 280 days

B+ emitter; 78.3 hours

EC; 280 days

EC; 78.3 hours

The PET source method generates AC by?

Rotating around the patient, counts for each LOR recorded with patient in detector is compared to counts from blank scan.

Shooting x-rays through the body at each LOR.

Rotating around the patient, counts for each LOR recorded with patient in detector is compared to counts without patient in scanner.

Shooting magnetic waves through the body at each LOR.

The 2nd method for AC uses X-rays. This requires a _______ to adjust attenuation coefficient of X-rays and coefficient for 511 KeV.

Decay factor

Scaling factor

Dosimetry

Shielding factor

Advantages to using the CT/X-ray method?

All of these

Less noise

Reduced acquisition time

CT anatomical correlation

None of these

When using x-rays at 140 KeV or less the attenuation coefficient for bone vs. tissue varies greatly.

True

False

Which is the preferred method?

CT/X-ray method

PET source method

MRI mapping method

None of these

Estimate of FDG uptake in abnormal vs normal tissue.

ROI

Count density

Pixel uniformity

SUV

SUV help to separate?

Bone vs tissue

Benign vs malignancy

Calcifications vs collagen

Tracer saturation vs unsaturated tissue

How does blood sugar affect the SUV?

Decrease in FDG clearance so an increase in SUV

Higher blood glucose levels = decreased SUV

Higher blood glucose levels = increased SUV

Increase in FDG clearance so an increase in SUV

What is SUV dependent on?

Exact amount of tracer left in syringe

Decay correction for delays in injection

Patient's glucose level

None of these

All of these

Fat picks up FDG

True

False

Fat causes overestimation of FDG, the solution is to use ?

BSA

Patient mass

BMI

Standard amount for everyone

What is background in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event

Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration

Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures

What is noise in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event

Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration

Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures

What is dead time in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event

All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl

Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration

What is attenuation in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event

All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl

Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures

What is scatter in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event

All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl

Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures

What is patient motion in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

Ironically much more of an issue than in SPECT; need both 511s for a true event

All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl

Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration

What is partial volume effects in potential PET issues?

Present due to scatter and randoms

Random decay process, randoms, scatter, AC; randoms can approach 50% over areas of high uptake

New scintillators are much faster, but single events contribute to dead time because the CTW is kept open until processed

All PET crystals have a wider energy window than NaITl

Patient must hold still between transmission and emission for co-registration

Underestimation of radioactivity in small structures

Overcorrection can lead to ________ how does the MD correct for this?

Hot spot; looks at non-corrected transmissions to verify

Hot spot; looks at non-corrected emissions to verify

Cold spot; looks at non-corrected emissions to verify

Hot spot; looks at CT scan to verify

PET source method is primarily used in BGO scanner mostly.

True

False

The source stays outside the camera when not in use.

True

False

Because the source is in the camera and is shielded causes less dead time due to increased count rates.

True

False

Scaling factors are used with each type of pixel and used to correct emission scans.

True

False

Feedback

Stays shielded inside the camera

More dead time happens because of the integrated source

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