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Ethics & Business Essentials

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About this activity

Concise overview for review

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Ethics & Business Essentials
 

Ethics & Business EssentialsOnline version

Concise overview for review

by Hannah Flores
1

1. BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

Business

Economic activity

Inputs → Process → Outputs

Materials + Labor

Goods and Services

Main goal: Profit

Profit = Income − Expenses

Also promotes common good and protects rights and interests

2

Types of Business

Service – provides services

Merchandising – buys and sells products

Manufacturing – converts raw materials into products

3

Forms of Business Organization

Sole Proprietorship

One owner

Full control

Easy and cheap to organize

Low registration cost

Tax advantages

Few restrictions

Unlimited liability

Limited capital

Limited management ability

4

Forms of Business Organization (cont.)

Partnership

Two or more owners

Share profits and losses

Association of individuals

Mutual agency

Limited life

Co-ownership

Usually unlimited liability

Based on trust and confidence

Partner's actions may bind other partners

Dissolution – withdrawal/admission of partner

5

Forms of Business Organization (cont.)

Corporation

Created by law

Separate legal entity

Owners = Stockholders

Ownership = shares of stock

Limited liability

Transferable ownership

Can raise large capital

Continuous/perpetual existence

Board of Directors

Subject to government regulation

Pays corporate income tax

Registered with SEC

Articles of Incorporation

Bylaws

6

Quick Comparison

Sole Proprietorship → 1 owner / control

Partnership → 2+ owners / shared decisions

Corporation → stockholders / separate legal entity

7

2. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF BUSINESS

Why Business Matters

Produces goods and services

Creates employment

Generates income

Supports economic growth

Improves living standards

Promotes the common good

Protects stakeholders

8

Why Business Must Be Ethical

Builds trust

Attracts investors

Protects employees and customers

Prevents fraud and abuse

Maintains business reputation

Supports long-term survival

Protects society

9

4 Reasons to Act Ethically

1. Legal – follow laws

2. Public Image – protect reputation

3. Pragmatic – ethics can lead to business success

4. Moral – doing what is right

10

Business and Poverty Alleviation

Job creation

SMEs

Microbusinesses

Microfinance

Economic opportunities

Human capital development

Education and training

Community development

Poverty

Absolute poverty – below basic/universal needs

Relative poverty – poor compared with others in society

11

Causes of Continuing Poverty

Unequal economic growth

Government failure

Lack of education/health

Disconnection from markets

Discrimination

Cultural barriers

12

3. AREAS OF BUSINESS MOST IN NEED OF ETHICAL ATTENTION

Key Stakeholders

Employees

Customers

Suppliers

Shareholders

Society

13

Priority Development Areas

Agricultural finance

Rural infrastructure

Roads

Education

Health services

Cash transfers

Microcredit

Microenterprise

Technical skills training

Social housing

14

Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR

Responsibility beyond profit

Ethical behavior

Economic development

Community welfare

Employee welfare

Environmental responsibility

Corporate citizenship

15

4 Levels of Business Responsibility

1. Profit/Economic

2. Legal

3. Ethical

4. Discretionary/Philanthropic

16

Morality of Advertising

Truthful advertising

No false claims

No misleading pictures/information

Deceptive advertising = false or misleading presentation

Consumer protection

RA 7394 – Consumer Act of the Philippines

17

Employee Rights

Fair wages

Safe workplace

Security of tenure

Humane working conditions

Right to organize

Collective bargaining

Protection from discrimination

Labor Code of the Philippines

RA 6727 – Wage Rationalization Act

18

Insider Trading & Environment

Insider Trading

Buying/selling stocks using non-public information

Information advantage

Fairness issue

Market integrity

Conflict between personal gain and public fairness

Pollution and Resource Depletion

Environmental responsibility

Pollution prevention

Waste reduction

Resource conservation

Sustainability

Protect future generations

Avoid environmental damage

19

Whistleblowing

Reporting unethical/illegal behavior

Internal – reports within organization

External – reports to authorities/public

Protect whistleblowers

Loyalty vs. public interest

Risk of retaliation

20

4. CORE PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS

Fairness

Keyword: JUSTICE

Equal treatment

No discrimination

Impartial decisions

Fair rewards

Fair procedures

Balance of benefits and burdens

Give people what is due to them

21

CORE PRINCIPLES (cont.)

Accountability

Keyword: RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTIONS

Explain actions

Justify decisions

Accept consequences

Follow rules and standards

Report performance accurately

Answer to stakeholders

Accountability is NOT:

Blaming

Confrontation

One-time activity

Same as appraisal

22

Transparency

Keyword: OPENNESS

Honest information

Clear communication

Proper disclosure

No hidden important information

Builds trust

Supports accountability

Stakeholders know how resources are used

23

Competence & Professionalism

Competence

Keyword: ABILITY

Knowledge

Skills

Proper performance

Technical Skills

Human Skills

Conceptual Skills

Professionalism

Competence, Integrity, Respect, Fairness, Prudence, Good conduct

24

3 Major Skills & Responsibility

3 Major Skills

Technical Skills – specialized knowledge/expertise

Human Skills – communicating and working with people

Conceptual Skills – analyzing problems and making decisions

Responsibility

Meet customer needs

Ensure product/service safety

Communicate risks

Protect stakeholders

Consider long-term effects

Serve the common good

25

Trustworthiness & Servant Leadership

Trustworthiness

Integrity

Ability

Benevolence

Reliability

Honesty

Keeping commitments

Servant Leadership

Serve others

Listening

Empathy

Persuasion

Stewardship

Develop employees

Focus on followers' growth

Build teamwork and trust

26

4. CORE PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS (Recap)

Keyword: SHARED WAY OF THINKING AND ACTING

Beliefs

Values

Assumptions

Goals

Norms

Behaviors

Traditions

Practices

Functions of Culture

Social glue – keeps members united

Compass – guides behavior

Control mechanism – influences actions

Regulator – manages relationships

Need satisfier – supports members

27

Ethical Organizational Culture

Human dignity first

Common good

Ethical decision-making

Positive values

Character development

Avoid exploitation

Protect people and environment

Organization serves the human person

28

Easy Memory Guide

BUSINESS ORGANIZATION → Who owns and operates the business?

SOCIAL FUNCTION → How does business help society?

ETHICAL ATTENTION → Where can ethical problems happen?

CORE PRINCIPLES → How should a business behave? F-A-T + CPR

Fairness

Accountability

Transparency

Competence

Professionalism

Responsibility

CODE OF ETHICS → What rules and values guide behavior?

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