Designed to help students develop their ability to fill the gaps in a text in order to get ready for the Berlitz Test of Reading and Listening Skills (BTRLS)
1
The first drawings on walls appeared in caves thousands of years ago. Later the Ancient Romans and Greeks wrote their names and protest poems on buildings. Modern graffiti 1. ___________ to have appeared in Philadelphia in the early 1960s, and by the late sixties it had reached New York. The new art form really took off in the 1970s, when people began 2. ___________ their names, or ‘tags’, on buildings all over the city. In the mid-seventies it was hard to see out of a subway car window, because the trains were completely covered in spray paintings known as ‘masterpieces’.
Choose one or more answers
2
The first drawings on walls appeared in caves thousands of years ago. Later the Ancient Romans and Greeks wrote their names and protest poems on buildings. Modern graffiti 1. ___________ to have appeared in Philadelphia in the early 1960s, and by the late sixties it had reached New York. The new art form really took off in the 1970s, when people began 2. ___________ their names, or ‘tags’, on buildings all over the city. In the mid-seventies it was hard to see out of a subway car window, because the trains were completely covered in spray paintings known as ‘masterpieces’.
3
In the early days, the ‘taggers’ were part of street gangs who were concerned with marking their territory. They worked in groups called ‘crews’, and called what they did ‘writing’ – the term ‘graffiti’ was first used by The New York Times and the novelist Norman Mailer. Art galleries in New York began buying graffiti in the early seventies. But at the same time that it began 3. _______ regarded as an art form, John Lindsay mayor of New York, declared the first war on graffiti. By the 1980s it became much harder to write on subway trains without 4. _______ caught, and instead many of the more established graffiti artists began using roofs of buildings or canvases.
4
In the early days, the ‘taggers’ were part of street gangs who were concerned with marking their territory. They worked in groups called ‘crews’, and called what they did ‘writing’ – the term ‘graffiti’ was first used by The New York Times and the novelist Norman Mailer. Art galleries in New York began buying graffiti in the early seventies. But at the same time that it began 3. _______ regarded as an art form, John Lindsay mayor of New York, declared the first war on graffiti. By the 1980s it became much harder to write on subway trains without 4. _______ caught, and instead many of the more established graffiti artists began using roofs of buildings or canvases.
5
The debate over whether graffiti is art or vandalism is still going on. Peter Vallone, a New York city councillor, thinks that graffiti 5. _______ with permission can be art, but if it is on someone else’s property it becomes a crime. ‘I have a message for the graffiti vandals out there,’ he said recently. ‘Your freedom of expression ends 6. _______ my property begins.’ On the other hand, Felix, a member of the Berlin-based group Reclaim Your City, says that artists are reclaiming cities for the public from advertisers, and that graffiti represents freedom and makes cities more vibrant.
6
The debate over whether graffiti is art or vandalism is still going on. Peter Vallone, a New York city councillor, thinks that graffiti 5. _______ with permission can be art, but if it is on someone else’s property it becomes a crime. ‘I have a message for the graffiti vandals out there,’ he said recently. ‘Your freedom of expression ends 6. _______ my property begins.’ On the other hand, Felix, a member of the Berlin-based group Reclaim Your City, says that artists are reclaiming cities for the public from advertisers, and that graffiti represents freedom and makes cities more vibrant.
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