1
One of the classic phrases used to describe the symptoms of hypercalcemia is "stones, bones, groans, thrones, and psychiatric overtones." What does "bones" refer to in this context?
2
Which of the following is a classic symptom of low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia)?
3
Which of the following is a common and potentially dangerous symptom of high blood potassium (hyperkalemia)?
4
Which of the following is a typical symptom of low blood potassium (hypokalemia)?
Choose one or more answers
5
Which of the following is a common symptom of high blood sodium (hypernatremia)?
6
Which of the following is a classic symptom of low blood sodium (hyponatremia)?
7
Which of the following is a typical early symptom of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)?
8
Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)?
9
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)?
10
Which of the following is a common symptom of low red blood cell count (anemia)?
11
Which of the following is a common symptom of dehydration?
12
Which of the following symptoms is commonly seen in hypervolemia (excess fluid volume)?
13
A positive Chvostek’s sign indicates increased excitability of the facial nerve. This finding is most commonly associated with which electrolyte imbalance?
14
A patient with a low prothrombin time (PT) value indicates
15
In a patient with a urinary tract infection (UTI), how is the urine specific gravity typically affected?
16
What change in urine specific gravity (USG) is typically seen in a person who is dehydrated?
17
In a patient with acute kidney injury (AKI), which of the following changes in lab values are expected?
18
A patient has numbness around mouth and fingertips (circumferential paresthesia) Which electrolyte imbalance is suspected?
19
A patient’s serum potassium level is 3.2 mEq/L. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be present?
20
A patient with a calcium level of 13 could exhibit symptoms including:
Feedback
In hypercalcemia, excess calcium in the blood is often caused by increased bone resorption—when calcium is pulled out of the bones and into the bloodstream leaving the bones weaker and susceptible to fractures.
Calcium calms- when the calcium is LOW neuromuscular excitability increases leading to muscle spasms/cramps, numbness/tingling around mouth/fingers (circumferential paresthesia), tetany, Chvostek sign or Trousseau's sign. The other symptoms are associated with HIGH calcium
Potassium PUMPs the heart and muslces- high levels can cause issues with cardiac conduction (peaked T), arrhythmias, bradycardia and muscle weakness.
Hypernatremia common symptoms include NEURO changes- confusion, irritability, lethargy, seizures, coma all related to brain cell shrinkage as fluid leaves to balance high Na in blood, and intense thirst in response to trying to balance levels
HYPO natremia impacts NEURO due to brain cell swelling- headache, confusion irritability, seizure, coma
COLD AND CLAMMY NEED SOME CANDY! Hypoglycemia symptoms are related to not having energy (glucose) for the body. Cold, sweaty (diaphoretic), hungry, anxiety, palpations
HIGH and DRY need to fly- If bs is high, pt is peeing a lot they need to go to hospital (fly). Typical symptoms include POLYuria (freq urination), POLYdipsia (increased thirst), and POLYphagia (hunger)
Prothrombin time (PT) measures how long it takes blood to clot. Bleeding precautions are generally more important when PT is high
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Test your knowledge about the 5 seeing habits discussed in the text 'UPS 5 seeing habits'.