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Gas exchange & transfer

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Gas exchange & transfer

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Gas exchange & transfer

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M S
M S
United Kingdom

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Gas exchange & transfer
 

Gas exchange & transferOnline version

Gas exchange & transfer

by M S
1

A 24-year-old man takes a deep breath before diving underwater. Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in his lungs?

2

An adult with pulmonary embolism develops hypoxaemia that improves with oxygen therapy. Which ventilation-perfusion mismatch does he likely have?

3

A 49-year-old develops progressive dyspnea and dry cough. CT shows diffuse interstitial fibrosis. What is the major reason for impaired oxygen transfer in this patient?

4

A patient with pneumonia develops hypoxemia that does not improve with high-concentration oxygen therapy. Which underlying issue is most likely?

5

A healthy adult at rest has a pulmonary capillary transit time of 0.75 seconds. What prevents arterial hypoxemia under normal circumstances?

6

A child aspirates a small toy, leading to bronchial obstruction. What change occurs in the affected lung region?

7

A high-altitude mountaineer suffers dizziness due to hypoxaemia. What is the direct cause at altitude?

8

A 45-year-old woman with a history of deep vein thrombosis presents with sudden shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. Imaging reveals a pulmonary embolism obstructing her left pulmonary artery. What is the V/Q ratio in the affected region?

9

A 60-year-old is found to have a tidal volume of 500 mL, a respiratory rate of 12/min, and a physiological dead space of 150 mL/breath. What is his alveolar ventilation per minute?

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The alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system, characterised by thin epithelium and a rich capillary network for efficient diffusion of gases.

Pulmonary embolism causes alveoli to be ventilated but not perfused, resulting in high V/Q mismatch. Hypoxaemia here can be corrected by supplemental oxygen.

Pulmonary fibrosis increases diffusion distance (thicker membrane), slowing oxygen transfer into blood.

Oxygen equilibration across the respiratory membrane usually occurs well within the capillary transit time, preventing hypoxemia

A blocked airway creates alveolar dead space (ventilated, not perfused), increasing physiological dead space.

At altitude, atmospheric pressure drops, lowering inspired PO₂ and alveolar PAO₂, which diminishes the oxygen pressure gradient for diffusion.

With perfusion absent (Q=0), the V/Q ratio approaches infinity, as ventilation is present but no blood flow reaches alveoli.

Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume – dead space) × respiratory rate = (500 – 150) × 12 = 4200 mL/min. This reflects effective gas exchange.

 
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