Quiz: Chapter 4


Chapter 4Online version Key terms in research methods. by Ashley Bunavicz 1 What is the null hypothesis? a Prediction that differences exist between groups b A theory explaining the data c The result of the experiment d Prediction that no differences exist between the experimental groups studied 2 What is the dependent variable? a The factor being manipulated b The variable that stays constant c The factor the study aims to predict or explain to see the effect of the independent variable d The sample size 3 What is the independent variable? a The random assignment process b The outcome measured after the study c The factor that is being manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variable d The participant's age 4 What is operationalization? a A statistical test b A theoretical guess c Definition of a variable that affects how it's studied and measured d A data collection method 5 Which is a basic right for participants? a Restriction of information b Coercion c Deception d Understanding 6 Which is a basic right for participants? a Forced participation b Public disclosure c Mandatory deception d Confidentiality 7 Which is a basic right for participants? a Mandatory participation b Right to refuse or withdraw c Uninformed consent d Deception without consent 8 Which is a basic right for participants? a Consent after the study b Assumed consent c Informed consent d No consent required 9 What does 'Not be deceived to participate' mean? a Deception is optional b Participants can be lied to for interest c Participants should not be lied to about the study d Only researchers need honesty 10 What does debriefing entail? a No explanation after b Deception during the study c Must be debriefed at the end d Partial disclosure during study 11 What is a case study? a Cross-cultural comparison b Controlled experiment c Large population survey d Detailed history of an individual 12 What is a key finding of a case study? a Provides causal proof b Look at uniqueness of an individual c Generalizes to all groups d Is always statistically representative 13 Can case study findings be generalized? a Only for similar cases b Always generalizable c Findings can't be generalized d Generalization is optional 14 What is a use of case studies? a Confirms broad generalizations b Always proves a theory c Helpful for generating new ideas + studying rare problems d Replaces experiments 15 What is generalizability? a Ignoring population differences b Applying what learned to other people c Focusing on one case d Destroying data 16 What is a correlational study? a Randomly assigns conditions b Looks at relationship between 2 variables without changing them c Tests causation directly d Is the same as an experiment 17 Can correlational studies reveal causation? a Never shows any relation b Does not reveal causal relationships c Always proves causation d Shows causation when significant 18 What is the correlation coefficient? a Statistic used to represent the relationship between variables b A t-score c A p-value d A mean value 19 Range of correlation coefficient? a -Infinity to +Infinity b From -1.00 to +1.00 c 0 to 1 d 0 to 100 20 What is external validity? a Causal mechanism b Statistical significance c Internal consistency d Extent to which results generalize to real life 21 What is an epidemiological study? a Study frequency and distribution of a disorder within a population b A case report only c A lab-based manipulation d A meta-analysis 22 What is prevalence? a Mortality rate b Recovery rate c Incidence rate d Proportion of the population with a disorder 23 What is incidence? a Number of tests conducted b Total existing cases c Number of new cases in a period d Recovery count 24 What is a simple control group? a Only measured at end b Receives the treatment c Not tracked at all d Do not receive the experiment but tracked for the same period 25 What is a wait list control group? a Receive the treatment later b Are ignored in analysis c Do not receive the experiment but are made to wait d Are given placebo 26 What is efficacy in treatment? a Cost of therapy b How well a therapy works in highly controlled settings c Real-world effectiveness d Patient satisfaction 27 What is effectiveness in treatment? a How well a therapy works in real world settings b Laboratory measurements only c Only theoretical value d Never applicable 28 What is a single case experimental design? a Individual or small number studied intensively b Population survey c Large randomized trial d Cross-cultural study 29 What is ABAB design? a Observer bias only b Intervention is introduced, withdrawn, then reinstated c No intervention ever d Randomized groups only 30 What is a multiple baseline design? a Intervention given to same person in different settings or times b One-shot measurement c Group masking d No intervention 31 What are molecular genetic studies? a Assessing therapy outcomes b Surveying daily habits c Comparing DNA of disorder group with controls d Measuring brain activity 32 What is linkage analysis? a Tests drug efficacy b Looks for characteristics co-occurring with disorder and genetic markers c Measures psychotherapy adherence d Counts case numbers 33 What is cross-cultural research? a Only within one culture b Assume universality without data c Ignore cultural factors d Examine similarities and differences between cultures in psychopathology 34 What is meta-analysis? a A single large trial b Statistical technique summarizing results across studies c A qualitative review d Descriptive report 35 What is a representative sample? a Resembles population on important characteristics b Only includes extremes c Only includes males d Perfectly identical to all individuals 36 What is a matched control group? a Random individuals with no match b Controls similar to the experimental group on key variables c Same participants reused d No control group used 37 What is a positive correlation? a As one increases, the other decreases b One causes the other directly c As one variable increases, the other increases d No relation between variables 38 What is a negative correlation? a No relationship b As one variable increases, the other decreases c Both increase together d Both decrease together 39 What is a cross-sectional study? a Only qualitative data b Manipulates variables c Measures over time d Assesses a sample at one point in time 40 What is a longitudinal study? a Cross-sectional only b Assesses the same sample over multiple times to see change c One-time snapshot d Short-term trial 41 What is a group comparison study? a Examines a single group only b Ignores a key variable c Compares groups differing on a key variable d Is the same as case study 42 What is an experimental study? a A descriptive survey b Only observational data c No randomization d Participants are randomly assigned and a variable is manipulated 43 What is a human laboratory study? a Unstructured interviews b Field study without controls c Experiment designed to induce conditions hypothesized to cause psychopathology in a controlled setting d Naturalistic observation only 44 What is a therapy outcome study? a Uses no control group b Assesses therapist mood c Tests pharmacology only d Tests whether a treatment is effective while providing therapy

1

What is the null hypothesis?

a

Prediction that differences exist between groups

b

A theory explaining the data

c

The result of the experiment

d

Prediction that no differences exist between the experimental groups studied

2

What is the dependent variable?

a

The factor being manipulated

b

The variable that stays constant

c

The factor the study aims to predict or explain to see the effect of the independent variable

d

The sample size

3

What is the independent variable?

a

The random assignment process

b

The outcome measured after the study

c

The factor that is being manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variable

d

The participant's age

4

What is operationalization?

a

A statistical test

b

A theoretical guess

c

Definition of a variable that affects how it's studied and measured

d

A data collection method

5

Which is a basic right for participants?

a

Restriction of information

b

Coercion

c

Deception

d

Understanding

6

Which is a basic right for participants?

a

Forced participation

b

Public disclosure

c

Mandatory deception

d

Confidentiality

7

Which is a basic right for participants?

a

Mandatory participation

b

Right to refuse or withdraw

c

Uninformed consent

d

Deception without consent

8

Which is a basic right for participants?

a

Consent after the study

b

Assumed consent

c

Informed consent

d

No consent required

9

What does 'Not be deceived to participate' mean?

a

Deception is optional

b

Participants can be lied to for interest

c

Participants should not be lied to about the study

d

Only researchers need honesty

10

What does debriefing entail?

a

No explanation after

b

Deception during the study

c

Must be debriefed at the end

d

Partial disclosure during study

11

What is a case study?

a

Cross-cultural comparison

b

Controlled experiment

c

Large population survey

d

Detailed history of an individual

12

What is a key finding of a case study?

a

Provides causal proof

b

Look at uniqueness of an individual

c

Generalizes to all groups

d

Is always statistically representative

13

Can case study findings be generalized?

a

Only for similar cases

b

Always generalizable

c

Findings can't be generalized

d

Generalization is optional

14

What is a use of case studies?

a

Confirms broad generalizations

b

Always proves a theory

c

Helpful for generating new ideas + studying rare problems

d

Replaces experiments

15

What is generalizability?

a

Ignoring population differences

b

Applying what learned to other people

c

Focusing on one case

d

Destroying data

16

What is a correlational study?

a

Randomly assigns conditions

b

Looks at relationship between 2 variables without changing them

c

Tests causation directly

d

Is the same as an experiment

17

Can correlational studies reveal causation?

a

Never shows any relation

b

Does not reveal causal relationships

c

Always proves causation

d

Shows causation when significant

18

What is the correlation coefficient?

a

Statistic used to represent the relationship between variables

b

A t-score

c

A p-value

d

A mean value

19

Range of correlation coefficient?

a

-Infinity to +Infinity

b

From -1.00 to +1.00

c

0 to 1

d

0 to 100

20

What is external validity?

a

Causal mechanism

b

Statistical significance

c

Internal consistency

d

Extent to which results generalize to real life

21

What is an epidemiological study?

a

Study frequency and distribution of a disorder within a population

b

A case report only

c

A lab-based manipulation

d

A meta-analysis

22

What is prevalence?

a

Mortality rate

b

Recovery rate

c

Incidence rate

d

Proportion of the population with a disorder

23

What is incidence?

a

Number of tests conducted

b

Total existing cases

c

Number of new cases in a period

d

Recovery count

24

What is a simple control group?

a

Only measured at end

b

Receives the treatment

c

Not tracked at all

d

Do not receive the experiment but tracked for the same period

25

What is a wait list control group?

a

Receive the treatment later

b

Are ignored in analysis

c

Do not receive the experiment but are made to wait

d

Are given placebo

26

What is efficacy in treatment?

a

Cost of therapy

b

How well a therapy works in highly controlled settings

c

Real-world effectiveness

d

Patient satisfaction

27

What is effectiveness in treatment?

a

How well a therapy works in real world settings

b

Laboratory measurements only

c

Only theoretical value

d

Never applicable

28

What is a single case experimental design?

a

Individual or small number studied intensively

b

Population survey

c

Large randomized trial

d

Cross-cultural study

29

What is ABAB design?

a

Observer bias only

b

Intervention is introduced, withdrawn, then reinstated

c

No intervention ever

d

Randomized groups only

30

What is a multiple baseline design?

a

Intervention given to same person in different settings or times

b

One-shot measurement

c

Group masking

d

No intervention

31

What are molecular genetic studies?

a

Assessing therapy outcomes

b

Surveying daily habits

c

Comparing DNA of disorder group with controls

d

Measuring brain activity

32

What is linkage analysis?

a

Tests drug efficacy

b

Looks for characteristics co-occurring with disorder and genetic markers

c

Measures psychotherapy adherence

d

Counts case numbers

33

What is cross-cultural research?

a

Only within one culture

b

Assume universality without data

c

Ignore cultural factors

d

Examine similarities and differences between cultures in psychopathology

34

What is meta-analysis?

a

A single large trial

b

Statistical technique summarizing results across studies

c

A qualitative review

d

Descriptive report

35

What is a representative sample?

a

Resembles population on important characteristics

b

Only includes extremes

c

Only includes males

d

Perfectly identical to all individuals

36

What is a matched control group?

a

Random individuals with no match

b

Controls similar to the experimental group on key variables

c

Same participants reused

d

No control group used

37

What is a positive correlation?

a

As one increases, the other decreases

b

One causes the other directly

c

As one variable increases, the other increases

d

No relation between variables

38

What is a negative correlation?

a

No relationship

b

As one variable increases, the other decreases

c

Both increase together

d

Both decrease together

39

What is a cross-sectional study?

a

Only qualitative data

b

Manipulates variables

c

Measures over time

d

Assesses a sample at one point in time

40

What is a longitudinal study?

a

Cross-sectional only

b

Assesses the same sample over multiple times to see change

c

One-time snapshot

d

Short-term trial

41

What is a group comparison study?

a

Examines a single group only

b

Ignores a key variable

c

Compares groups differing on a key variable

d

Is the same as case study

42

What is an experimental study?

a

A descriptive survey

b

Only observational data

c

No randomization

d

Participants are randomly assigned and a variable is manipulated

43

What is a human laboratory study?

a

Unstructured interviews

b

Field study without controls

c

Experiment designed to induce conditions hypothesized to cause psychopathology in a controlled setting

d

Naturalistic observation only

44

What is a therapy outcome study?

a

Uses no control group

b

Assesses therapist mood

c

Tests pharmacology only

d

Tests whether a treatment is effective while providing therapy

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Chapter 4Online version

by Ashley Bunavicz

What is the null hypothesis?

What is the dependent variable?

What is the independent variable?

What is operationalization?

Which is a basic right for participants?

Which is a basic right for participants?

Which is a basic right for participants?

Which is a basic right for participants?

What does 'Not be deceived to participate' mean?

What does debriefing entail?

What is a case study?

What is a key finding of a case study?

Can case study findings be generalized?

What is a use of case studies?

What is generalizability?

What is a correlational study?

Can correlational studies reveal causation?

What is the correlation coefficient?

Range of correlation coefficient?

What is external validity?

What is an epidemiological study?

What is prevalence?

What is incidence?

What is a simple control group?

What is a wait list control group?

What is efficacy in treatment?

What is effectiveness in treatment?

What is a single case experimental design?

What is ABAB design?

What is a multiple baseline design?

What are molecular genetic studies?

What is linkage analysis?

What is cross-cultural research?

What is meta-analysis?

What is a representative sample?

What is a matched control group?

What is a positive correlation?

What is a negative correlation?

What is a cross-sectional study?

What is a longitudinal study?

What is a group comparison study?

What is an experimental study?

What is a human laboratory study?

What is a therapy outcome study?