Virología parte 3

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Virología parte 3


Virología parte 3Online version viro3 by Ana 1 Vaccines can promote: a All of the above b Reduction in infection rates c Mitigation of disease severity d Herd immunity e Protection against related diseases, including cancer in some cases 2 Which of the following best summarizes the overall societal impact of effective vaccination programs? a Decreased morbidity and mortality at the population level b Reduced genetic diversity of pathogens c Improved individual immune responses only d Complete eradication of all infectious diseases e Elimination of the need for other medical treatments 3 Which outcome is the best indicator of public health impact rather than individual vaccine effectiveness? a Reduction in hospitalizations and mortality at the population level b Neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated individuals c Vaccine efficacy measured in a randomized controlled trial d Seroconversion rates following immunization e Duration of immune memory in individuals 4 Which of the following is an example of secondary vaccine failure? a Waning immunity leading to susceptibility years after vaccination b No antibody response detected after the first vaccine dose c Genetic inability to respond to a vaccine antigen d Improper vaccine storage before administration e Administration via an incorrect route 5 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu played a significant role in the early history of vaccination primarily by: a Introducing the practice of smallpox variolation to Britain after observing it in the Ottoman Empire b Discovering the cowpox virus and testing it experimentally in humans c Developing the first attenuated vaccine using laboratory techniques d Leading the first government-mandated smallpox vaccination campaign e Demonstrating the microbial cause of smallpox through microscopy 6 Inactivated (killed) vaccines differ from live attenuated vaccines primarily because they: a Do not replicate in the host b Induce stronger mucosal immunity c Can revert to a pathogenic form d Provide lifelong immunity after a single dose e Requiere cold-chain storage more often 7 Which of the following best distinguishes the immune response induced by mucosal vaccination compared to parenteral vaccination? a Strong induction of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces b Higher systemic IgG but lower IgA production c Exclusive activation of CD8+ T cells d Lack of memory B cell formation e Reduced activation of dendritic cells 8 What is a phagemid? a A plasmid that contains a phage origin of replication and packaging signal b A bacteriophage genome lacking a replication origin c A hybrid virus capable of infecting both bacteria and mammalian cells d A modified bacterial chromosome used for cloning e A defective phage unable to express coat proteins 9 A key mechanism by which oncolytic viruses convert immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors involves: a Induction of chemokine promoting T cell infiltration b Suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling leading to permanent vascular collapse c Direct activation of fibroblast differentiation into antigen-presenting dendritic cell populations d Systemic depletion of complement proteins preventing immune complex formation in tumors e Induction of metabolic quiescence in tumor cells leading to reduced antigen expression levels 10 Which step is essential in generating recombinant baculoviruses for protein expression? a Homologous recombination of bacmid-based insertion of the gene of interest b Integration into bacterial plasmids c Direct infection of plant cells d RNA interference in insect larvae e Chemical synthesis of viral capsids 11 Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 was based on which key observation? a Milkmaids previously infected with cowpox rarely contracted smallpox b Survivors of smallpox developed lifelong immunity c Variolation using smallpox material reduced mortality d Smallpox transmission could be prevented by quarantine e Animal diseases could be genetically modified to protect humans 12 The global eradication of smallpox, officially declared in 1980, was made possible primarily because the virus: a Could be diagnosed clinically with high reliability b Had a non-human animal reservoir c Mutated very slowly over time d Produced asymptomatic infections e Was transmitted only through contaminated water 13 Which scenario best illustrates a disconnect between high vaccine effectiveness and limited public health impact? a A highly effective vaccine with low uptake in the target population b A vaccine that prevents severe disease but not infection c A vaccine that requires multiple doses d A vaccine used primarily in high-income countries e A vaccine targeting a virus rather than a bacterium 14 Vaccines can promote: a All of the above b Reduction in infection rates c Mitigation of disease severity d Protection against related diseases, including cancer in some cases e Herd immunity 15 Live attenuated vaccines are characterized by their ability to: a Replicate in the host without causing disease in immunocompetent individuals b Contain only purified pathogen antigens c Induce immunity without activating cellular immune responses d Be safely administered to severely immunocompromised patients e Require frequent booster doses due to weak immune responses 16 Which alternative vaccine delivery route is most directly associated with the induction of mucosal immunity, particularly secretory IgA production? a Intranasal b Intramuscular c Subcutaneous d Intravenous e Intradermal 17 A vaccine administered intramuscularly primarily induces which type of immune response? a Systemic IgG-mediated immunity b Mucosal IgA response in the gastrointestinal tract c Local IgE-mediated hypersensitivity d Exclusive activation of innate immunity e Tolerance to the antigen 18 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of current influenza vaccines? a Current formulations are designed to protect against multiple variants; therefore, antigenic drift and shift do not influence vaccine efficacy b They aim to elicit hemagglutinin (HA) head-specific neutralizing antibodies c The HA and neuraminidase (NA) head domains are highly variable, so antigenic drift can affect vaccine efficacy d Circulating viral strains may differ from the vaccine strains, which can reduce vaccine effectiveness e Most currently licensed vaccines are produced in eggs, which can introduce adaptive mutations that reduce vaccine effectiveness 19 Why is the HA head domain generally a poor target for universal influenza vaccines? a It undergoes frequent antigenic drift, leading to variability b It is not accessible to antibodies c It is highly conserved across all influenza strains d It cannot induce neutralizing antibodies e It is absent in some influenza viruses 20 Aluminum salts (alum), one of the most widely used adjuvants, are particularly associated with promoting which type of immune response? a Th2-biased humoral immune responses b Strong Th1 and cytotoxic T cell responses c Exclusive activation of regulatory T cells d Suppression of antibody production e Activation of only innate immunity without adaptive responses 21 In the context of the immune system, which of the following mechanisms are shared by both vaccines and oncolytic viruses? a Both are capable of completely avoiding activation of the immune system b Both induce antigen-specific immunological memory c Both act exclusively through direct cell lysis d Both inhibit antigen presentation e Both depend solely on innate immunity to exert their effect 22 Regarding virus-like particles (VLPs), indicate the correct statement: a They contain a complete viral genome and are capable of replicating in host cells b Their formation always requires the presence of the entire viral genome c They are formed through the spontaneous interaction of viral proteins expressed in the cell d They cannot present antigens on their surface e They can only be produced in mammalian cells 23 Select the incorrect statement about VLP-based vaccines: a They carry a risk of causing the original disease because they contain infectious genetic material b They can be loaded with immunomodulators c They can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses d They do not have replication potential within target cells e They can be efficiently recognized by the immune system 24 Which of the following statements best explains why virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are both safe and highly immunogenic? a They mimic the structural organization of viruses but lack viral genetic material, preventing infection while still activating immune responses b They contain a fully functional viral genome that allows controlled replication to boost immune response c They integrate into host DNA, ensuring long-term antigen expression and immunity d They primarily stimulate only innate immunity without activating adaptive immune responses e They require co-infection with a helper virus to become immunogenic 25 Conditions required for eradicating a virus capable of mutating: a Vaccination of 70% of the population b Development of an antiviral drug c The virus is not transmitted through the air d Hereditary immunity transferred from mothers to children e The virus is not zoonotic 26 Which of the following statements about baculoviruses is false? a Multiple virions/capsids can be enclosed within a single membrane b Adult insects cannot be infected by ingesting occlusion bodies c They can only infect larvae d They are the only family of viruses that infect insects e They are excellent expression platforms for VLP production 27 Which of the following elements are secreted during virus-induced cell death in cancer cells? a Type I IFNs, PAMPs, DAMPs, and viral and tumor-associated antigens b Type I interferons (IFNs), PAMPs, and DAMPs c Only PAMPs and DAMPs d Only viral and tumor-associated antigens e None of the above 28 Which molecule is NOT involved in Coxsackievirus-mediated lysis of tumor cells? a HVEM b ICAM-1 c DAF d CD54 e CD55 29 Which of the following is the most likely future direction in adjuvant development? a Developing adjuvants that enhance immune responses at mucosal surfaces to improve mucosal vaccine efficacy b Developing adjuvants containing metals such as mercury to strengthen the immune response c Discovering new adjuvants that trigger complex signaling cascades to enhance immune activation d Relying more on simple mineral compounds such as aluminum salts e Designing combined adjuvant systems that suppress immune responses to reduce post- vaccination risk 30 Which of the following arguments has been frequently used by anti-vaccine movements to question vaccine safety? a The presence of toxic compounds such as mercury as preservatives in some vaccines b The inability of vaccines to generate immunological memory c The absence of clinical trials prior to approval d The likelihood of causing infertility after administration e The incompatibility of vaccines with the human immune system 31 What is the function of adjuvants? a They enhance vaccine effectiveness by mimicking pathogen-associated molecules b They dissociate viral capsids, improving immunization c They improve vaccine stability and facilitate storage d They allow a single vaccine to be effective against multiple viruses within the same family e They are the component of the vaccine that directly induces the immune response 32 Regarding the influenza vaccine, the chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) vaccination approach consists of: a Using constructs based exclusively on the HA stalk domain to direct the immune response toward more conserved regions b Selectively replacing specific portions of the protein rather than modifying the entire globular head region c Using nanoparticles capable of incorporating HA from different strains d Using computational methods to identify conserved regions of HA e Promoting protection through sequential exposure to the same epitope, leading to cross- protective antibodies 33 What is the main principle behind the biopanning technique? a It allows the selection and enrichment of high-affinity variants through iterative cycles of binding, washing, and elution against a target antigen b It enables the chemical synthesis of millions of antibody variants in a single step c It facilitates transfection of viral genetic material into mammalian cells to increase immunogenicity d It is used to quantify viral load by detecting viral capsid proteins in biological samples e It is a method for generating large libraries from B lymphocytes of infected patients 34 What characterizes herd immunity? a It provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals b It can only be achieved through vaccination programs c The required vaccination percentage is independent of the virus d It is an effective method for eliminating influenza e It represents a form of permanent immunity 35 Which of the following statements about oncolytic viruses is NOT correct? a Oncolytic viruses can be used repeatedly in the same patient because no immune response is generated b Oncolytic viruses do not cause systemic infection because they target tumor cells c Viral expression can be controlled using cell-specific promoters d Oncolytic viruses were discovered over a century ago but have only recently been used therapeutically e Oncolytic viruses can be genetically modified to enhance selective replication in tumor cells 36 How can a measles-based oncolytic virus be engineered to target certain adenocarcinomas? a By targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is overexpressed in some adenocarcinomas, using a specific antibody to facilitate viral entry into tumor cells b By engineering the virus to express MHC receptors to recognize tumor cells c By expressing an antibody against DH5α, which is overexpressed in adenocarcinomas d Adenocarcinomas do not express surface markers that can be targeted e Measles virus naturally recognizes integrins that are overexpressed in adenocarcinomas Explicación 1 All of the above 2 Decreased morbidity and mortality at the population level 3 Reduction in hospitalizations and mortality at the population level 4 Waning immunity leading to susceptibility years after vaccination 5 Introducing the practice of smallpox variolation to Britain after observing it in the Ottoman Empire 6 Do not replicate in the host 7 Strong induction of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces 8 A plasmid that contains a phage origin of replication and packaging signal 9 Induction of chemokine promoting T cell infiltration 10 Homologous recombination or bacmid-based insertion of the gene of interest 11 Milkmaids previously infected with cowpox rarely contracted smallpox 12 Could be diagnosed clinically with high reliability 13 A highly effective vaccine with low uptake in the target population 14 All of the above 15 Replicate in the host without causing disease in immunocompetent individuals 16 Intranasal 17 Systemic IgG-mediated immunity 18 Current formulations are designed to protect against multiple variants; therefore, antigenic drift and shift do not influence vaccine efficacy 19 It undergoes frequent antigenic drift, leading to variability 20 Th2-biased humoral immune responses 21 Both induce antigen-specific immunological memory 22 They are formed through the spontaneous interaction of viral proteins expressed in the cell 23 They carry a risk of causing the original disease because they contain infectious genetic material 24 They mimic the structural organization of viruses but lack viral genetic material, preventing infection while still activating immune responses 25 The virus is not zoonotic 26 They are the only family of viruses that infect insects 27 Type I IFNs, PAMPs, DAMPs, and viral and tumor-associated antigens 28 HVEM 29 Developing adjuvants that enhance immune responses at mucosal surfaces to improve mucosal vaccine efficacy 30 The presence of toxic compounds such as mercury as preservatives in some vaccines 31 They enhance vaccine effectiveness by mimicking pathogen-associated molecules 32 Using constructs based exclusively on the HA stalk domain to direct the immune response toward more conserved regions 33 It allows the selection and enrichment of high-affinity variants through iterative cycles of binding, washing, and elution against a target antigen 34 It provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals 35 Oncolytic viruses can be used repeatedly in the same patient because no immune response is generated 36 C) By targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is overexpressed in some adenocarcinomas, using a specific antibody to facilitate viral entry into tumor cells

Virología parte 3

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Virología parte 3Online version

by Ana

Vaccines can promote:

Which of the following best summarizes the overall societal impact of effective vaccination programs?

Which outcome is the best indicator of public health impact rather than individual vaccine effectiveness?

Which of the following is an example of secondary vaccine failure?

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu played a significant role in the early history of vaccination primarily by:

Inactivated (killed) vaccines differ from live attenuated vaccines primarily because they:

Which of the following best distinguishes the immune response induced by mucosal vaccination compared to parenteral vaccination?

What is a phagemid?

A key mechanism by which oncolytic viruses convert immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors involves:

Which step is essential in generating recombinant baculoviruses for protein expression?

Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 was based on which key observation?

The global eradication of smallpox, officially declared in 1980, was made possible primarily because the virus:

Which scenario best illustrates a disconnect between high vaccine effectiveness and limited public health impact?

Vaccines can promote:

Live attenuated vaccines are characterized by their ability to:

Which alternative vaccine delivery route is most directly associated with the induction of mucosal immunity, particularly secretory IgA production?

A vaccine administered intramuscularly primarily induces which type of immune response?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of current influenza vaccines?

Why is the HA head domain generally a poor target for universal influenza vaccines?

Aluminum salts (alum), one of the most widely used adjuvants, are particularly associated with promoting which type of immune response?

In the context of the immune system, which of the following mechanisms are shared by both vaccines and oncolytic viruses?

Regarding virus-like particles (VLPs), indicate the correct statement:

Select the incorrect statement about VLP-based vaccines:

Which of the following statements best explains why virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are both safe and highly immunogenic?

Conditions required for eradicating a virus capable of mutating:

Which of the following statements about baculoviruses is false?

Which of the following elements are secreted during virus-induced cell death in cancer cells?

Which molecule is NOT involved in Coxsackievirus-mediated lysis of tumor cells?

Which of the following is the most likely future direction in adjuvant development?

Which of the following arguments has been frequently used by anti-vaccine movements to question vaccine safety?

What is the function of adjuvants?

Regarding the influenza vaccine, the chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) vaccination approach consists of:

What is the main principle behind the biopanning technique?

What characterizes herd immunity?

Which of the following statements about oncolytic viruses is NOT correct?

How can a measles-based oncolytic virus be engineered to target certain adenocarcinomas?