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Cause or Coincidence? ⚡

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Cause or Coincidence? ⚡

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About this activity

Select the right option for each scenario

Created by

Gabriela Maldonado
Gabriela Maldonado
United States

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Cause or Coincidence? ⚡
 

Cause or Coincidence? ⚡Online version

Select the right option for each scenario

by Gabriela Maldonado
1

Cities with more hospitals tend to have higher death rates.

2

When researchers removed a specific gene from lab mice, the mice developed tumors at significantly higher rates across multiple controlled trials.

3

Students who read for pleasure outside of school tend to score higher on reading comprehension tests.

4

A researcher notices that shark attacks increase during months when ice cream sales are also high.

Choose one or more answers

5

A pharmaceutical company conducted three large-scale randomized controlled trials showing that a specific drug reduces blood pressure by blocking a particular enzyme.

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Larger, denser cities have more hospitals because they have more people, including more sick and elderly people. Population size is the confounding variable. More hospitals do not cause more deaths.

This meets the standard for causation. There is an identified mechanism (a gene), a controlled experiment (gene removed deliberately), and a consistent, reproducible outcome. The "how" is traceable.

This is a real and consistently observed pattern, but the causal direction isn't clear yet. Do students score higher because they read more? Or do students who already read well enjoy reading more and therefore do it more? Possibly both. Without a controlled study, you cannot assign cause.

Classic confounding variable: summer. Hot weather sends more people to the beach (more shark encounters) and also drives ice cream sales up. The ice cream is not summoning sharks.

Randomized controlled trials are specifically designed to test causation. The mechanism (enzyme blocking) is identified, the effect is consistent across multiple trials, and the study design rules out confounding variables.

 
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