Ancient Indonesia

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Ancient Indonesia

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Vijo Gor

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Ancient Indonesia


Ancient IndonesiaOnline version Ancient Indonesia by Vijo Gor 1 Around the same broad period, two huge migrations were spreading across different parts of the world: Indo-European peoples across much of Europe and South Asia (Persia and India', and Austronesian peoples across the Pacific and Indian Ocean. What is one important similarity? a Both spread related peoples, language and cultures across enormous areas b Both created one empire ruled by a single king c Both travelled mainly across the ocean in sailing canoes d Both replaced all the peoples who were already living there 2 But the two expansions were not the same. What was different about the Austronesian expansion compared to the Indo-European expansion? a Indo-European expansions tended to involve war and conquest, while Austronesians mainly spread through sailing, settlement and mixing b Austronesians mainly spread through conquering armies, while Indo-Europeans mainly travelled peacefully by horse. c Indo-Europeans stayed in one small region, while Austronesians conquered most of mainland Asia d Austronesians had one emperor leading them, while Indo-Europeans had no organised communities 3 What happened when Austronesian peoples reached lands where Melanesian and Austroasiatic peoples were already living? a They often settled and mixed with the people already there b They immediately formed one kingdom and ruled everyone there c They completely replaced all of the people who lived there d They avoided earlier populations and lived on separate islands 4 Before large kingdoms developed, many Austroasiatic, Melanesian and Austronesian communities lived in smaller societies without kings or ruling classes, where much of what people produced was shared. What have we called this kind of early society? Written answer 5 What helped some chiefdoms in the archipelago become much more powerful after around 0 CE? a Hunting animals in the forests b Building smaller farming villages c Trade with other regions d Moving farther into the mountains 6 Why could rulers become wealthy by controlling ports, river mouths or narrow straits? a They could stop farmers leaving their land b They could collect tolls from passing trade c They could collect crops from distant villages d They could control fishing around the islands 7 What is a state? a A group of villages that trade but have no government b A land, its people and a government with power over both c A farming community where families share what they produce d A religious community where priests live and study together 8 What allowed rulers to support priests, officials and permanent groups of soldiers? a Trade wealth and agricultural surplus b Forest products and temporary camps c Hunting success and seasonal fishing d Smaller villages and fewer farmers 9 What happened to many ordinary working people as large rice kingdoms developed? a They became healthier because they worked outside every day b They became stronger because rice contained more nutrients c They became taller because they ate more meat and seafood d They became shorter because of poorer diets and more disease 10 Which two religions arrived from India through growing trade connections? Written answer 11 Hinduism and Buddhism both developed in India, but they are different religions. Which statement describes that difference? a Hinduism began with the teachings of the Buddha, while Buddhism centres on gods such as Shiva and Vishnu b Hinduism was only followed by rulers, while Buddhism was only followed by ordinary farmers c Hinduism developed first in China, while Buddhism developed first on the island of Java d Hindu religions include gods such as Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva while Buddhism began with the teachings of the Buddha 12 As Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms grew in India, rulers and priests at some point started building temples with large statues. These statues gave Gods a face and body that people could see and worship. They also helped rulers teach that their power was supported by religion. Which period may have helped this use of sacred statues develop? a The Indus Valley period, when large planned cities grew beside the river b The Vedic period, when sacred hymns were remembered and passed down c The Mauryan period, when Ashoka helped spread Buddhism across his empire d The Indo-Greek period, when Greek sculpture and Indian religious ideas mixed 13 As Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms grew in India, rulers and priests at some point started building temples with large statues. These statues gave Gods a face and body that people could see, recognize and worship. They also helped rulers teach that their power was supported by religion. Which period may have helped this use of sacred statues develop? a The Indus Valley period, when large planned cities grew beside the river b The Vedic period, when sacred hymns were remembered and passed down c The Mauryan period, when Ashoka helped spread Buddhism across his empire d The Indo-Greek period, when Greek sculpture and Indian religious ideas mixed 14 Why could recognizable statues help Hinduism and Buddhism spread to new places? a People could build new temples, copy the sacred figures and teach the same religious ideas there b People could look at one statue and immediately understand every religious teaching and rule c Rulers could make every kingdom use exactly the same language, laws and religious customs d Greek artists could travel to every new temple and make all of its statues themselves 15 How did Hinduism and Buddhism mainly spread into the archipelago? a Through Chinese farmers and settlers b Through merchants, monks and priests c Through Mongol fleets and warriors d Through Indian armies and soldiers 16 Before these ideas arrived, chiefs could show their power through wealth and warriors. What new idea could Hinduism and Buddhism add? a A ruler could prove that his family had originally come from India b A ruler could stop collecting food and taxes from ordinary farmers c A ruler could become a priest instead of governing his kingdom d A ruler could present his power as sacred and connected to powerful gods 17 Why could this make the power of kings stronger? a Religion could make every person in society equally wealthy b Religion could make their rule seem rightful and part of a larger order c Religion could force every neighbouring ruler to obey immediately d Religion could remove the need for officials, soldiers and taxation 18 Ideas that help explain and justify why society is arranged in a certain way are called what? Written answer 19 Did adopting Hinduism, Buddhism and Sanskrit make the kingdoms of the archipelago copies of India? a No, local people changed the ideas and mixed them with their own traditions b No, because Indian religions had almost no effect on local kingdoms c Yes, local rulers copied Indian society and abandoned their own traditions d Yes, because Indian rulers began directly governing the archipelago 20 Around 670 CE, which powerful Buddhist state grew around the Musi River in southern Sumatra? Written answer 21 What was the main source of Srivijaya's wealth? a Controlling trade through the Strait of Malacca and rivers b Controlling gold mines throughout the mountains of Papua c Controlling farmland across large parts of mainland China d Controlling rice farms across most of the island of Java 22 What does it mean that Srivijaya was a mandala state? a One royal family directly owned all the farmland throughout the whole kingdom b Every local ruler had equal power and made decisions together with the king c One government controlled every village inside clearly marked national borders d A powerful center was surrounded by territories with rulers who obeyed the center to different degrees 23 Which important Chinese Buddhist monk stopped in Srivijaya in 671 CE and later recommended that other monks study there? a Yijing b Xuanzang c Bodhidharma d Faxian 24 Traders in Srivijaya came from many places and did not all speak the same language. Often places where many traders need to communicate with each other develop a shared language, so people with different mother tongues can communicate. This is called a lingua franca. In Srivijaya such lingua franca also developed which would eventually become the foundation for the Indonesian language. Which language would play this role? a Classical Chinese b Old Malay c Ancient Tamil d Old Javanese 25 Old Malay would be the lingua franca of the archipelago for over 1000 years and influence languages from Coastal South India to Indonesia to the Philippines. The ancient Mediterranean and Europe also had lingua francas that would influence the development of languages across the European continent and is still found in many words today. Old Malay is to ancient maritime South East Asia, as ... is to the Ancient Mediterranean. a Greek and Latin b French and Dutch c Russian and German d Italian and Spanish 26 Ancient Greece is remembered as a maritime world of trade, learning and exchange between many places. In that sense, why can Srivijaya help us remember a similar stage in this region's history? a Just like Ancient Greece, Ancient Srivijaya also produced exactly the same philosophy and political ideas b Just like Ancient Greece, Ancient Srivijaya, also conquered nearly every society surrounding its seas c Just like Ancient Greece, Ancient Srivijaya, was also a centre of sea trade, learning and cultural exchange d Just like Ancient Greece, Ancient Srivijaya was also made of hundreds of independent democratic city-states 27 Why could large states become especially powerful on Java? a Its colder climate allowed farmers to grow large amounts of wheat b Its mountain forests provided enough food without much farming c Its volcanic soil and irrigated rice fields produced a large surplus d Its dry grasslands allowed rulers to keep enormous animal herds 28 Which enormous Buddhist monument was built on Java between about 780 and 840 CE? Written answer 29 Which Hindu temple complex near Yogyakarta tells the Indian story of the Ramayana on its walls? Written answer 30 What do enormous temples such as Borobudur and Prambanan tell us about the societies that built them? a Rulers could control large amounts of surplus and other people's labour b Farmers had stopped producing food and worked mainly as stone builders c Most people had become wealthy enough to build enormous temples themselves d Religious buildings could be constructed without organised rulers or workers 31 How did Raden Wijaya use the Mongol invasion of Java in 1293? a He defeated the Mongols first and then asked them to attack his rival b He surrendered his kingdom and travelled back to China with their fleet c He got the Mongols to defeat his rival and then turned against them d He joined the Mongols permanently and helped them rule eastern Java 32 Who founded the new Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Majapahit? a Kublai Khan b Hayam Wuruk c Gajah Mada d Raden Wijaya 33 Which chief minister became famous for helping Majapahit extend its power across much of the archipelago? a Gajah Mada 34 Under which ruler and chief minister did Majapahit become especially powerful during the 1300s? a Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada b Gajah Mada and Kublai Khan c Raden Wijaya and Kublai Khan d Yijing and Hayam Wuruk 35 Which statement best describes Majapahit? a It directly ruled every island and made laws for all its people b It was ruled from China as part of the Mongol Empire c It controlled only eastern Java and had little influence elsewhere d It directly ruled Java and strongly influenced many other places 36 In European history, Ancient Greece, especially Classical Greece, is remembered especially for its maritime trade, learning and cultural influence, while Rome is remembered as a great later imperial power. Which comparison can help us remember Srivijaya and Majapahit? a Srivijaya is somewhat like China, while Majapahit is somewhat like India b Srivijaya is somewhat like Egypt, while Majapahit is somewhat like Persia c Srivijaya is somewhat like Rome, while Majapahit is somewhat like Greece d Srivijaya is somewhat like Greece, while Majapahit is somewhat like Rome 37 The Rome comparison has an important limit. Rome directly governed many conquered lands as provinces. How was Majapahit different? a Majapahit sent its own officials to govern every island under the same laws b Majapahit had no political influence anywhere beyond the island of Java c Many distant rulers kept governing their own lands while recognising Majapahit's power and sending tribute d Majapahit divided its lands into provinces copied from Roman government 38 Even while Srivijaya and Majapahit existed, many Melanesian, Austronesian and mixed communities in Maluku, Papua, inland Borneo, Sulawesi and elsewhere continued organizing their own societies without ruling classes and kings. What does this show? a Different peoples developed differently and could organize society in different ways depending on their environment and way of life b Every society naturally became a kingdom as soon as enough centuries had passed c Communities without kings had failed to develop organized rules and social traditions d People outside kingdoms were still living exactly as humans had fifty thousand years earlier 39 When did Srivijaya and Majapahit rise? a Srivijaya around 670 CE; Majapahit around 1293 CE b Srivijaya around 200 BCE; Majapahit around 500 CE c Srivijaya around 1200 CE; Majapahit around 1600 CE d Srivijaya around 1500 BCE; Majapahit around 700 BCE 40 We compare Srivijaya with Ancient Greece and Majapahit with Ancient Rome to help remember their roles in regional history. But they existed much later, namely Srivijay around the 7th and Majapahit around the 14th century CE. What was happening in Europe around the same periods? a Srivijaya rose during the early Middle Ages, while Majapahit rose during the later Middle Ages b Srivijaya rose during Hellenic Greece, while Majapahit rose during the Fall of the Roman Empire c Srivijaya rose during the Roman Empire, while Majapahit rose during the Viking Age d Srivijaya rose during the Renaissance, while Majapahit rose during the Industrial Revolution 41 By the 1400s, Majapahit was weakening while Muslim merchants had already been trading through the region for centuries. What new change was beginning? a More coastal rulers were converting to Islam and joining wider Muslim trading networks b More inland rulers were converting to Buddhism and abandoning maritime trade c More Javanese rulers were joining China and becoming part of the Musllim Mongol Empire d More coastal rulers were abandoning ports and returning to hunting societie 42 Indonesia today is mostly Muslim, but names such as Surya (the Hindu sungod), Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of knowledge', Wisnu (Vishnu), Krisna (Krishna), Rama and Sita are still very common. The national symbol is Garuda, the mythological mount of Vishnu, and stories such as the Ramayana are still performed in wayang. What does this show? a Hindu-Buddhist culture became a lasting part of Indonesian culture even after religions changed b Many Indonesians today still practise the same Hindu religion as ancient Javanese kingdoms c Hindu culture survived only on Bali and disappeared almost completely everywhere else d Modern Indonesia copied these symbols recently without connection to its ancient history

Ancient Indonesia

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Ancient IndonesiaOnline version

by Vijo Gor

Around the same broad period, two huge migrations were spreading across different parts of the world: Indo-European peoples across much of Europe and South Asia (Persia and India', and Austronesian peoples across the Pacific and Indian Ocean. What is one important similarity?

But the two expansions were not the same. What was different about the Austronesian expansion compared to the Indo-European expansion?

What happened when Austronesian peoples reached lands where Melanesian and Austroasiatic peoples were already living?

Before large kingdoms developed, many Austroasiatic, Melanesian and Austronesian communities lived in smaller societies without kings or ruling classes, where much of what people produced was shared. What have we called this kind of early society?

What helped some chiefdoms in the archipelago become much more powerful after around 0 CE?

Why could rulers become wealthy by controlling ports, river mouths or narrow straits?

What is a state?

What allowed rulers to support priests, officials and permanent groups of soldiers?

What happened to many ordinary working people as large rice kingdoms developed?

Which two religions arrived from India through growing trade connections?

Hinduism and Buddhism both developed in India, but they are different religions. Which statement describes that difference?

Why could recognizable statues help Hinduism and Buddhism spread to new places?

How did Hinduism and Buddhism mainly spread into the archipelago?

Before these ideas arrived, chiefs could show their power through wealth and warriors. What new idea could Hinduism and Buddhism add?

Why could this make the power of kings stronger?

Ideas that help explain and justify why society is arranged in a certain way are called what?

Did adopting Hinduism, Buddhism and Sanskrit make the kingdoms of the archipelago copies of India?

Around 670 CE, which powerful Buddhist state grew around the Musi River in southern Sumatra?

What was the main source of Srivijaya's wealth?

What does it mean that Srivijaya was a mandala state?

Which important Chinese Buddhist monk stopped in Srivijaya in 671 CE and later recommended that other monks study there?

Ancient Greece is remembered as a maritime world of trade, learning and exchange between many places. In that sense, why can Srivijaya help us remember a similar stage in this region's history?

Why could large states become especially powerful on Java?

Which enormous Buddhist monument was built on Java between about 780 and 840 CE?

Which Hindu temple complex near Yogyakarta tells the Indian story of the Ramayana on its walls?

What do enormous temples such as Borobudur and Prambanan tell us about the societies that built them?

How did Raden Wijaya use the Mongol invasion of Java in 1293?

Who founded the new Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Majapahit?

Which chief minister became famous for helping Majapahit extend its power across much of the archipelago?

Under which ruler and chief minister did Majapahit become especially powerful during the 1300s?

Which statement best describes Majapahit?

In European history, Ancient Greece, especially Classical Greece, is remembered especially for its maritime trade, learning and cultural influence, while Rome is remembered as a great later imperial power. Which comparison can help us remember Srivijaya and Majapahit?

The Rome comparison has an important limit. Rome directly governed many conquered lands as provinces. How was Majapahit different?

Even while Srivijaya and Majapahit existed, many Melanesian, Austronesian and mixed communities in Maluku, Papua, inland Borneo, Sulawesi and elsewhere continued organizing their own societies without ruling classes and kings. What does this show?

When did Srivijaya and Majapahit rise?

We compare Srivijaya with Ancient Greece and Majapahit with Ancient Rome to help remember their roles in regional history. But they existed much later, namely Srivijay around the 7th and Majapahit around the 14th century CE. What was happening in Europe around the same periods?

By the 1400s, Majapahit was weakening while Muslim merchants had already been trading through the region for centuries. What new change was beginning?